A hypergraph based Kohonen map for detecting intrusions over cyber–physical systems traffic
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By representing hosts, flows, services, and even events as nodes and edges, graph-based methods are particularly suitable for detecting DDoS, reconnaissance, injection, and other multi-stage intrusions that manifest as abnormal communication patterns, rare paths, or sudden expansions in connectivity rather than only local feature changes.
“First, by representing hosts, flows, services, and even events as nodes and edges, these methods are particularly suitable for detecting DDoS, reconnaissance, injection, and other multi-stage intrusions that manifest as abnormal communication patterns, rare paths, or sudden expansions in connectivity rather than only local feature changes [51,54,55].”
From AI-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control and Cyber–Physical Systems: A Data-Type-Oriented Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
When properly engineered, graph-based detectors can be distributed across cloud-edge architectures or parallelized to support near-real-time operation in large industrial networks.
“when properly engineered, graph-based detectors can be distributed across cloud-edge architectures or parallelized to support near-real-time operation in large industrial networks [51,55,59].”
From AI-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control and Cyber–Physical Systems: A Data-Type-Oriented Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
Constructing and maintaining communication graphs from live ICS/CPS traffic requires careful aggregation of flow logs, selection of node/edge types, and windowing, which introduce additional design choices and computational overhead at scale.
“Constructing and maintaining communication graphs from live ICS/CPS traffic requires careful aggregation of flow logs, selection of node/edge types, and windowing, which introduce additional design choices and computational overhead at scale [51,54,55].”
From AI-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control and Cyber–Physical Systems: A Data-Type-Oriented Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
Graph-based models such as APPNP GCNs, heterogeneous GNN autoencoders, and hypergraph Kohonen maps can capture non-Euclidean correlations and higher-order neighborhood structures that are difficult to express with flat feature vectors.
“Graph-based models such as APPNP GCNs, heterogeneous GNN autoencoders, and hypergraph Kohonen maps can capture non-Euclidean correlations and higher-order neighborhood structures that are difficult to express with flat feature vectors [51,54,55].”
From AI-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control and Cyber–Physical Systems: A Data-Type-Oriented Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
BLOSOM uses Bloom filters to store signatures of normal packet payloads to filter first-stage anomalies, enhanced PCA for noise/irrelevant-feature removal, and clustering in a parallel Kohonen map using neighbors selected through hypergraph vertex partitioning, with label supervision and class-imbalance corrections to detect NMRI/CMRI attacks, command/response injections, reconnaissance, and other
“First, Bloom filters store signatures of normal packet payloads to efficiently filter first-stage anomalies. Traffic that passes this stage undergoes noise/irrelevant-feature removal via enhanced PCA (ePCA), followed by clustering in a parallel Kohonen map (p-Kohonen) using neighbors selected through hypergraph vertex partitioning. The final BLOSOM model incorporates label supervision and class-im”
From AI-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control and Cyber–Physical Systems: A Data-Type-Oriented Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
Jagtap et al. [55] introduced BLOSOM, a multi-stage IDS combining Bloom filters and hypergraph-based parallel Kohonen maps, using Gas Pipeline and SWaT SCADA network traffic.
“Using Gas Pipeline and SWaT SCADA network traffic, Jagtap et al. [55] introduced BLOSOM, a multi-stage IDS combining Bloom filters and hypergraph-based parallel Kohonen maps.”
From AI-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control and Cyber–Physical Systems: A Data-Type-Oriented Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
BLOSOM and related ensemble designs improve robustness in SCADA networks by explicitly addressing class imbalance and heterogeneous attack patterns.
“BLOSOM and related ensemble designs improve robustness in SCADA networks by explicitly addressing class imbalance and heterogeneous attack patterns [55].”
From AI-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control and Cyber–Physical Systems: A Data-Type-Oriented Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
The surveyed work highlights a trade-off between structural expressiveness and deployment complexity in graph-based detection.
“the surveyed work highlights a trade-off between structural expressiveness and deployment complexity.”
From AI-Based Anomaly Detection in Industrial Control and Cyber–Physical Systems: A Data-Type-Oriented Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Jagtap, S. S., V. S., S. S., & V., S.
- Affiliations
- SASTRA University (IN)
- ORCID
- Jagtap, Sujeet S.
- Venue
- Future Generation Computer Systems
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 119
- Pages
- 84-109
- ISSN
- 0167-739X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3127660228
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Future Generation Computer Systems (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Network Packet Processing and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Smart Grid Security and Resilience
- Keywords
- intrusion detection, cyber-physical systems, hypergraphs, Kohonen neural network, process control networks, anomaly detection, zero-day attacks, Bloom filter, principal component analysis, critical infrastructure security
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