The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ASGE Technology Committee systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the ASGE PIVI thresholds for adopting real-time endoscopic assessment of the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps
Open accessAbstract
In vivo real-time assessment of the histology of diminutive (≤5 mm) colorectal polyps detected at colonoscopy can be achieved by means of an "optical biopsy" by using currently available endoscopic technologies. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) Technology Committee to specifically assess whether acceptable performance thresholds outlined by an ASGE Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable endoscopic Innovations (PIVI) document for clinical adoption of these technologies have been met. We conducted direct meta-analyses calculating the pooled negative predictive value (NPV) for narrow-band imaging (NBI), i-SCAN, and Fujinon Intelligent Color Enhancement (FICE)-assisted optical biopsy for predicting adenomatous polyp histology of small/diminutive colorectal polyps. We also calculated the pooled percentage agreement with histopathology when assigning postpolypectomy surveillance intervals based on combining real-time optical biopsy of colorectal polyps 5 mm or smaller with histopathologic assessment of polyps larger than 5 mm. Random-effects meta-analysis models were used. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by means of I(2) statistics. Our meta-analyses indicate that optical biopsy with NBI, exceeds the NPV threshold for adenomatous polyp histology, supporting a "diagnose-and-leave" strategy for diminutive predicted nonneoplastic polyps in the rectosigmoid colon. The pooled NPV of NBI for adenomatous polyp histology by using the random-effects model was 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88-94). This finding was associated with a high degree of heterogeneity (I(2) = 89%). Subgroup analysis indicated that the pooled NPV was greater than 90% for academic medical centers (91.8%; 95% CI, 89-94), for experts (93%; 95% CI, 91-96), and when the optical biopsy assessment was made with high confidence (93%; 95% CI, 90-96). Our meta-analyses also indicate that the agreement in assignment of postpolypectomy surveillance intervals based on optical biopsy with NBI of diminutive colorectal polyps is 90% or greater in academic settings (91%; 95% CI, 86-95), with experienced endoscopists (92%; 95% CI, 88-96) and when optical biopsy assessments are made with high confidence (91%; 95% CI, 88-95). Our systematic review and meta-analysis confirms that the thresholds established by the ASGE PIVI for real-time endoscopic assessment of the histology of diminutive polyps have been met, at least with NBI optical biopsy, with endoscopists who are expert in using this advanced imaging technology and when assessments are made with high confidence.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous studies on cadx systems for colonoscopy focused on assessing the performances of ai against the accuracy of physicians19,20,27–30, or against the criteria established by gastroenterology societies for implementing the technology in a clinical setting31–34.”
From Experimental evidence of effective human–AI collaboration in medical decision-making (2022) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems based on artificial intelligence (AI) can help endoscopists in the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps by predicting the histopathology.”
From Appropriate trust in artificial intelligence for the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps: the role of human/artificial intelligence interaction (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The stand-alone performance of CADx systems and comparisons of CADx performances with thresholds for clinical implementation have been evaluated and show promising results.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]”
From Appropriate trust in artificial intelligence for the optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps: the role of human/artificial intelligence interaction (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Prevention of Colorectal Cancer by Colonoscopic Polypectomy
Winawer, S. J., Zauber, A. G., Ho, M. N., O’Brien, M. J., Gottlieb, L. S., Sternberg, S. S., Waye, J. D., Schapiro, M., Bond, J. H., Panish, J. F., et al. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199312303292701 · Cited by 4,585
Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo
Kießlich, R., Burg, J., Vieth, M., Gnändiger, J., Enders, M., Delaney, P. M., Polglase, A. L., McLaren, W. J., Janell, D., Thomas, S., et al. (2004) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.06.050 · Cited by 843
O’Brien, M. J., Winawer, S. J., Zauber, A. G., Gottlieb, L. S., Sternberg, S. S., Diaz, B., Dickersin, G. R., Ewing, S. L., Geller, S. A., Kasimian, D., et al. (1990) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(90)90827-n · Cited by 818
Rex, D. K., Kahi, C., O'Brien, M., Levin, T. R., Pohl, H., Rastogi, A., Burgart, L., Imperiale, T., Ladabaum, U., Cohen, J., et al. (2011) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.01.023 · Cited by 629
Self-citationHewett, D. G., Kaltenbach, T. R., Sano, Y., Tanaka, S., Saunders, B. P., Ponchon, T., Soetikno, R. M., & Rex, D. K. (2012) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.006 · Cited by 589
Self-citationIgnjatovic, A., East, J. E., Suzuki, N., Vance, M., Guenther, T., & Saunders, B. P. (2009) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70329-8 · Cited by 366
A Resect and Discard Strategy Would Improve Cost-Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Screening
Hassan, C., Pickhardt, P. J., & Rex, D. K. (2010) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2010.05.018 · Cited by 294
Self-citationSano, Y., Ikematsu, H., Fu, K. I., Emura, F., Katagiri, A., Horimatsu, T., Kaneko, K., Soetikno, R. M., & Yoshida, S. (2008) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2008.04.066 · Cited by 287
Narrow-Band Imaging Without Optical Magnification for Histologic Analysis of Colorectal Polyps
Rex, D. K. (2008) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.009 · Cited by 257
Self-citationLadabaum, U., Fioritto, A., Mitani, A., Desai, M., Kim, J. P., Rex, D. K., Imperiale, T., & Gunaratnam, N. (2013) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.09.054 · Cited by 224
Self-citationPrevalence of advanced histological features in diminutive and small colon polyps
Gupta, N., Bansal, A. K., Rao, D. S., Early, D. S., Jonnalagadda, S. S., Wani, S. B., Edmundowicz, S. A., Sharma, P., & Rastogi, A. N. (2012) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2012.01.020 · Cited by 201
Buchner, A. M., Shahid, M. W., Heckman, M. G., Krishna, M., Ghabril, M., Hasan, M. K., Crook, J. E., Gómez, V., Raimondo, M., Woodward, T. A., et al. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.10.053 · Cited by 199
Self-citationMcGill, S., Εvangelou, Ε., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Soetikno, R. M., & Kaltenbach, T. R. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303965 · Cited by 174
Hoffman, A. W., Sar, F., Goetz, M., Tresch, A., Mudter, J., Biesterfeld, S., Galle, P. R., Neurath, M. F., & Kießlich, R. (2010) · Endoscopy · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1255713 · Cited by 160
Pohl, J., Lotterer, E., Balzer, C., Sackmann, M. F., Kd, S., Goßner, L., Schaab, C., Frieling, T., Medve, M., Mayer, G. J., et al. (2008) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2008.153601 · Cited by 159
Wanders, L. K., East, J. E., Uitentuis, S. E., Leeflang, M., & Dekker, E. (2013) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70509-6 · Cited by 154
Raghavendra, M., Hewett, D. G., & Rex, D. K. (2010) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2010.03.1124 · Cited by 135
Self-citationEast, J. E., Suzuki, N., Bassett, P., Stavrinidis, M., Thomas, H. J. W., Guenther, T., Tekkis, P. P., & Saunders, B. (2008) · Endoscopy · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1077586 · Cited by 125
Rogart, J. N., Jain, D., Siddiqui, U. D., Oren, T., Lim, J. K., Jamidar, P. A., & Aslanian, H. R. (2008) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2008.04.035 · Cited by 117
Self-citationHigashi, R., Uraoka, T., Kato, J., Kuwaki, K., Ishikawa, S., Saito, Y., Matsuda, T., Ikematsu, H., Sano, Y., Suzuki, S., et al. (2010) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2010.01.054 · Cited by 112
Accuracy for Optical Diagnosis of Small Colorectal Polyps in Nonacademic Settings
Kuiper, T., Marsman, W. A., Jansen, J. M., van Soest, E. J., Haan, Y. C. L., Bakker, G. J., Fockens, P., & Dekker, E. (2012) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.05.004 · Cited by 110
van den Broek, F. J. C., Fockens, P., van Eeden, S., Kara, M. A., Hardwick, J. C. H., Reitsma, J. B., & Dekker, E. (2008) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.10.025 · Cited by 106
Sanduleanu, S., Driessen, A. L. C., Gómez-García, E. B., Hameeteman, W. M., de Bruı̈ne, A. P., & Masclee, A. (2009) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.08.006 · Cited by 104
Hoffman, A. W., Kagel, C., Goetz, M., Tresch, A., Mudter, J., Biesterfeld, S., Galle, P. R., Neurath, M. F., & Kießlich, R. (2009) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2009.04.005 · Cited by 104
Hong, S. N., Choe, W. H., Lee, J. H., Kim, S.-I., Kim, J. H., Lee, T. Y., Kim, J. H., Lee, S., Cheon, Y. K., Sung, I. K., et al. (2012) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.11.040 · Cited by 104
Shahid, M. W., Buchner, A. M., Heckman, M. G., Krishna, M., Raimondo, M., Woodward, T. A., & Wallace, M. B. (2011) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.376 · Cited by 100
Self-citationTogashi, K., Osawa, H., Koinuma, K., Hayashi, Y., Miyata, T., Sunada, K., Nokubi, M., Horie, H., & Yamamoto, H. (2009) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2008.10.063 · Cited by 99
Buchner, A. M., Gómez, V., Heckman, M. G., Shahid, M. W., Achem, S. R., Gill, K. R., Laith, J., Kahaleh, M., Lo, S. K., Picco, M. F., et al. (2011) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.01.002 · Cited by 96
Self-citationLee, C. K., Lee, S.-H., & Hwangbo, Y. (2011) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.04.049 · Cited by 86
André, B. (2012) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i39.5560 · Cited by 82
Rastogi, A. N., Rao, D. S., Gupta, N., Grisolano, S. W., Buckles, D. C., Sidorenko, E. I., Bonino, J. A., Matsuda, T., Dekker, E., Kaltenbach, T. R., et al. (2013) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2013.07.032 · Cited by 81
Resect and discard strategy in clinical practice: a prospective cohort study
Paggi, S., Rondonotti, E., Amato, A., Terruzzi, V., Imperiali, G., Mandelli, G., Terreni, N. M., Lenoci, N., Spinzi, G., & Radaelli, F. (2012) · Endoscopy · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1309891 · Cited by 78
Gupta, N., Bansal, A. K., Rao, D. S., Early, D. S., Jonnalagadda, S. S., Edmundowicz, S. A., Sharma, P., & Rastogi, A. N. (2011) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.08.002 · Cited by 74
Endoscopic versus histological characterisation of polyps during screening colonoscopy
Schachschal, G., Mayr, M., Treszl, A., Balzer, K., Wegscheider, K., Aschenbeck, J., Aminalai, A., Drossel, R., Schröder, A., Scheel, M., et al. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304562 · Cited by 71
Palma, G. D. D., Staibano, S., Siciliano, S., Persico, M., Masone, S., Maione, F., Siano, M., Mascolo, M., Esposito, D., Salvatori, F., et al. (2010) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2010.03.009 · Cited by 65
Hewett, D. G., Huffman, M., & Rex, D. K. (2012) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2012.04.446 · Cited by 62
Self-citationdos Santos, C. E. O., Lima, J. C. P., Lopes, C. V., Malaman, D., Salomão, A. D., Garcia, A. C., & Teixeira, C. R. (2010) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0b013e32833a5d63 · Cited by 62
Henry, Z. H., Yeaton, P., Shami, V. M., Kahaleh, M., Patrie, J. T., Cox, D. G., Peura, D. A., Emura, F., & Wang, A. Y. (2010) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2010.01.048 · Cited by 60
Repici, A., Hassan, C., Radaelli, F., Occhipinti, P., Angelis, C. D., Romeo, F., Paggi, S., Saettone, S., Cisarò, F., Spaander, M. C. W., et al. (2013) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2013.01.035 · Cited by 60
An evidence-based approach to gastroenterology therapy
Schoenfeld, P., Cook, D., Hamilton, F. A., Laine, L., Morgan, D. J., & Peterson, W. (1998) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70439-1 · Cited by 57
Narrow‐band imaging with dual focus magnification in differentiating colorectal neoplasia
Singh, R., Jayanna, M., Navadgi, S., Ruszkiewicz, A. R., Saito, Y., & Uedo, N. (2013) · Digestive Endoscopy · doi:10.1111/den.12075 · Cited by 55
Kuiper, T., van den Broek, F. J. C., van Eeden, S., Fockens, P., & Dekker, E. (2012) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.14 · Cited by 53
Gómez, V., Buchner, A. M., Dekker, E., van den Broek, F. J. C., Meining, A. G., Shahid, M., Ghabril, M., Fockens, P., Heckman, M. G., & Wallace, M. B. (2010) · Endoscopy · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1243951 · Cited by 53
Self-citationLongcroft‐Wheaton, G., Brown, J. F., Cowlishaw, D., Higgins, B., & Bhandari, P. (2012) · Endoscopy · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1310004 · Cited by 53
Wallace, M. B., Crook, J. E., Coe, S. G., Ussui, V., Staggs, E. G., Almansa, C., Patel, M. K., Bouras, E. P., Cangemi, J. R., Keaveny, A. P., et al. (2014) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2014.05.305 · Cited by 50
Self-citationKuiper, T., Kießlich, R., Ponsioen, C. Y., Fockens, P., & Dekker, E. (2012) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2012.01.040 · Cited by 49
Differentiation of colonic polyps by confocal laser endomicroscopy
Xie, X., Li, C., Zuo, X., Yu, T., Gu, X., Li, Z., Ji, R., Wang, Q., & Li, Y. (2010) · Endoscopy · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1255919 · Cited by 48
Longcroft‐Wheaton, G., Higgins, B., & Bhandari, P. (2011) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0b013e328349e276 · Cited by 43
Barbara, André, Tom, Vercauteren, Anna, Buchner, Murli, Krishna, K., Nicholas, Ayache, et al. (2012) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · Cited by 40
Pigò, F., Bertani, H., Manno, M., Mirante, V. G., Caruso, A., Barbera, C., Manta, R., Bassotti, G., Olivetti, G., & Conigliaro, R. L. (2012) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-012-1583-7 · Cited by 39
Neumann, H., Vieth, M., Fry, L. C., Günther, C., Atreya, R. N., Neurath, M. F., & Mönkemüller, K. E. (2013) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2013.02.001 · Cited by 37
Kim, Y. S., Kim, D., Chung, S. J., Park, M. J., Shin, C. S., Cho, S., Kim, J. S., & Song, I. S. (2011) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.05.021 · Cited by 36
Optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps using high-definition i-scan: An educational experience
Bouwens, M. W. E. (2013) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i27.4334 · Cited by 34
Shahid, M., Buchner, A. M., Raimondo, M., Woodward, T. A., Krishna, M., & Wallace, M. B. (2012) · Endoscopy · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1291589 · Cited by 31
Self-citationSakamoto, T., Matsuda, T., Aoki, T., Nakajima, T., & Saito, Y. (2011) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06854.x · Cited by 26
Chan, J. L. (2012) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i41.5905 · Cited by 19
Digital Chromoendoscopy for Diagnosis of Diminutive Colorectal Lesions
dos Santos, C. E. O., Malaman, D., Lopes, C. V., Pereira‐Lima, J. C., & PARADA, A. A. (2012) · Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy · doi:10.1155/2012/279521 · Cited by 17
Coe, S. G., Thomas, C. S., Crook, J. E., Ussui, V., Diehl, N. N., & Wallace, M. B. (2012) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2012.03.007 · Cited by 12
Self-citationAncillary Imaging Techniques and Adenoma Detection
Hussain, Z. H., & Pohl, H. (2013) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2013.05.007 · Cited by 8
Singson, Z., Hashemzadeh, M., & Jamal, M. M. (2012) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2012.04.410 · Cited by 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ferlitsch, M., Moss, A., Hassan, C., Bhandari, P., Dumonceau, J., Paspatis, G. A., Jover, R., Langner, C., Bronzwaer, M. E. S., Nalankilli, K., et al. (2017) · Endoscopy · doi:10.1055/s-0043-102569 · Cited by 1,107
Byrne, M. F., Chapados, N., Soudan, F., Oertel, C., Linares Pérez, M., Kelly, R., Iqbal, N., Chandelier, F., & Rex, D. K. (2019) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314547 · Cited by 635
Self-citationMori, Y., Kudo, S.-E., Misawa, M., Saito, Y., Ikematsu, H., Hotta, K., Ohtsuka, K., Urushibara, F., Kataoka, S., Ogawa, Y., et al. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-0249 · Cited by 509
Kaminski, M. F., Hassan, C., Bisschops, R., Pohl, J., Pellisé, M., Dekker, E., Ignjatovic-Wilson, A., Hoffman, A. W., Longcroft‐Wheaton, G., Heresbach, D., et al. (2014) · Endoscopy · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1365348 · Cited by 432
Accurate Classification of Diminutive Colorectal Polyps Using Computer-Aided Analysis
Chen, P., Lin, M.-C., Lai, M.-J., Lin, J.-C., Lu, H. H., & Tseng, V. S. M. (2017) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.010 · Cited by 396
Metadata
- Authors
- Abu Dayyeh, B. K., Thosani, N., Konda, V., Wallace, M. B., Rex, D. K., Chauhan, S. S., Hwang, J. H., Komanduri, S., Manfredi, M., Maple, J. T., Murad, F. M., Siddiqui, U. D., & Banerjee, S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 502.e1-502.e16
- ISSN
- 0016-5107 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2055082612
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 16
- FWCI
- 4.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Genetic factors in colorectal cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments
- Keywords
- diminutive colorectal polyps, optical biopsy, narrow-band imaging, i-scan, negative predictive value, rectosigmoid colon, polypectomy, histopathological correlation
- MeSH terms
- Biopsy, Colon, Colonoscopy, Humans, Intestinal Polyps, Predictive Value of Tests, Rectum, United States, Colorectal Neoplasms, Models, Statistical, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Adenomatous Polyps, Narrow Band Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
