Employing practitioner expertise in optimizing community healthcare systems
Abstract
To harness the potential of community health workers (CHWs) to extend health services to poor and marginalized populations and avoid the pitfalls of the post-Alma-Ata period, there is an urgent need to better understand how CHW programs can be optimized. Understanding that several operational questions are unresolved by current academic evidence, this viewpoint considers the role of practitioner expertise in optimizing community health systems and highlights findings from a recently published report that captures implementation experience from 15 countries. The viewpoint considers applications of the report's suggested community health design principles and implications for implementers, philanthropists, policymakers, and academic researchers.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
NGOs have been global leaders in community health research and innovative program development.
“NGOs have been global leaders in community health research and innovative program development [90].”
From Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All” (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
Cites
Lewin, S. A., Munabi-Babigumira, S. K., Glenton, C., Daniels, K., Bosch‐Capblanch, X., van Wyk, B. E., Odgaard‐Jensen, J., Johansen, M., Aja, G. N., Zwarenstein, M., et al. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004015.pub3 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Gilmore, B., & McAuliffe, É. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-847 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
The Multiphase Optimization Strategy for Engineering Effective Tobacco Use Interventions
Collins, L. M., Baker, T. B., Mermelstein, R. J., Piper, M. E., Jorenby, D. E., Smith, S. S., Christiansen, B. A., Schlam, T. R., Cook, J. W., & Fiore, M. C. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9253-x · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Balcazar, H., Lee Rosenthal, E., Nell Brownstein, J., Rush, C. H., Matos, S., & Hernandez, L. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300386 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Christopher, J. B., Le May, A., Lewin, S., & Ross, D. A. (2011) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/1478-4491-9-27 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Community-based health workers: Head start or false start towards health for all?
Berman, P., Gwatkin, D. R., & Burger, S. E. (1987) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(87)90168-7 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Gogia, S., & Sachdev, H. S. (2010) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.09.069369 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Task shifting from doctors to non-doctors for initiation and maintenance of antiretroviral therapy
Kredo, T., Adeniyi, F. B., Bateganya, M. H., & Pienaar, E. D. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007331.pub3 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Mutamba, B. B., van Ginneken, N., Paintain, L. S., Wandiembe, S., & Schellenberg, D. M. (2013) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-412 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Ballard, M., & Montgomery, P. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014216 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationNaimoli, J. F., Frymus, D. E., Wuliji, T., Franco, L. M., & Newsome, M. H. (2014) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/1478-4491-12-56 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
CHWs: are national programmes in crisis?
Walt, G. (1988) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/3.1.1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Community Health Workers: The Way Forward
Kahssay, H., Taylor, M. E., & Berman, P. (1998) · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Dahn, B., Woldermariam, A. T., Perry, H., Maeda, A., Glahn, D. V., Panjabi, R., Merchant, N., Vosburg, K., Palazuelos, D., Lu, C., et al. (2015) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4865.0086 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Practitioner Expertise to Optimize Community Health Systems: Harnessing Operational Insight
Ballard, M., Schwarz, R. K., Johnson, A., Church, S., Palazuelos, D., McCormick, L., Sall, E., & Fiori, K. P. (2017) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.35507.94247 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationHazel, E., Bryce, J., & _, _. (2016) · The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.94-3intro1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bigirwa, J. P. (2009) · Bioline International (Bioline International) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
One billion people are affected by global shortage of healthcare workers
Moszynski, P. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d696 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prioritising the role of community health workers in the COVID-19 response
Ballard, M., Bancroft, E., Nesbit, J., Johnson, A., Holeman, I., Foth, J., Rogers, D., Yang, J., Nardella, J., Olsen, H., et al. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002550 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunity health workers at the dawn of a new era: 11. CHWs leading the way to “Health for All”
Perry, H. B., Chowdhury, M., Were, M., LeBan, K., Crigler, L., Lewin, S., Musoke, D., Kok, M., Scott, K., Ballard, M., et al. (2021) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/s12961-021-00755-5 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationBallard, M., Westgate, C. C., Alban, R., Choudhury, N., Adamjee, R., Schwarz, R. K., Bishop, J., McLaughlin, M., Flood, D., Finnegan, K. E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.11.04010 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationShyu, G., Lin, S.-J., Fang, W., & Cheng, B. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155402 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Citrin, D., Thapa, P., Nirola, I., Pandey, S., Kunwar, L. B., Tenpa, J., Acharya, B., Rayamazi, H. J., Thapa, A., Maru, S., et al. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.hjdsi.2018.05.002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationIs COVID-19 Immune to Misinformation? A Brief Overview
Ali, S., Khalid, A., & Zahid, E. (2021) · Asian Bioethics Review · doi:10.1007/s41649-020-00155-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bitton, A., Veillard, J. H. M., Basu, L., Ratcliffe, H. L., Schwarz, D., & Hirschhorn, L. R. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001020 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yang, C.-H., Chen, Y., Hsu, W., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-023-05358-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ingram, M., Sabo, S. J., Redondo, F., Soto, Y., Russell, K., Carter, H., Bender, B., & de Zapien, J. G. (2020) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-020-00487-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Schwarz, D., Dhungana, S. K., Kumar, A., Acharya, B., Agrawal, P. K. B., Aryal, A., Baum, A., Choudhury, N., Citrin, D., Dangal, B., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4063-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, C. A., Lilford, R. J., Wroe, E. B., Griffiths, F. E., & Ngechu, R. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3620-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lessons from an eight-country community health data harmonization collaborative
Ballard, M., Olsen, H. E., Whidden, C., Ressler, D. J., Metz, L., Millear, A., Palazuelos, D., Choudhury, N., Munyaneza, F., Diane, R., et al. (2022) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2021.2015743 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSchwarz, D., Kim, J., Ratcliffe, H. L., Bell, G. A., Awoonor‐Williams, J. K., Nimako, B., Otupiri, E., Lipsitz, S. R., Hirschhorn, L. R., & Bitton, A. (2019) · Gates Open Research · doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.12979.2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Schwarz, D., Kim, J., Ratcliffe, H. L., Bell, G. A., Awoonor‐Williams, J. K., Nimako, B., Otupiri, E., Lipsitz, S. R., Hirschhorn, L. R., & Bitton, A. (2019) · Gates Open Research · doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.12979.3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Randriamihaja, M., Ihantamalala, F. A., Rafenoarimalala, F. H., Finnegan, K. E., Rakotonirina, L., Razafinjato, B., Bonds, M. H., Evans, M., & Garchitorena, A. (2024) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000621 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pradhan, A., Bogue, E., Schreiber, B., Dini, H. S., Hurkchand, H., Briggs, J., & Ballard, M. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-24276/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRandriamihaja, M., Ihantamalala, F. A., Rafenoarimalala, F. H., Finnegan, K. E., Rakotonirina, L., Razafinjato, B., Bonds, M. H., Evans, M., & Garchitorena, A. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.02.17.24302935 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pradhan, A., Bogue, E., Schreiber, B., Dini, H. S., Hurkchand, H., Briggs, J., & Ballard, M. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-24276/v3
Self-citationPradhan, A., Bogue, E., Schreiber, B., Dini, H. S., Hurkchand, H., Briggs, J., & Ballard, M. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-24276/v2
Self-citation
- Authors
- Ballard, M., & Schwarz, R.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ballard, Madeleine
- Venue
- Healthcare
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 100334
- ISSN
- 2213-0764 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2888738563
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 6.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Healthcare (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Global Health Workforce Issues
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Practices
- Keywords
- community health workers, practitioner expertise, community health systems, health system optimization, health care delivery, marginalized communities, implementation experience, health policy
- MeSH terms
- Community Health Workers, Community Health Services, Humans, Quality of Health Care, Community Health Planning, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review