Mechanisms and clinical management of inherited channelopathies: long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and short QT syndrome
Abstract
The following briefly reviews features and management of long QT syndrome (LQTS), Brugada Syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), and short QT syndrome (SQTS). LQTS is marked by QT prolongation, syncope and sudden death due to torsades de pointes. Risk stratification is based on age, gender, history of symptoms, QT interval, and genetic subtype of LQTS. In addition to avoidance QT-prolonging drugs and high intensity sports, standard treatment for LQTS involves anti-adrenergic therapy, with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) use in high risk subgroups. Brugada Syndrome is associated with right ventricular conduction delay and ST elevation in the right precordial leads, syncope, and sudden death from ventricular fibrillation. The electrocardiographic abnormality can be accentuated by sodium channel blocker, vagal stimulation or fever. Patients with aborted cardiac arrest and those with syncope and a spontaneous or sodium channel blocker-inducible type I Brugada ECG pattern are at high risk and should receive an ICD. The role of electrophysiologic testing is controversial. Although there is no reliable drug therapy for Brugada Syndrome, quinidine, which suppresses I(to) current, can reduce the incidence of arrhythmias. Patients with CPVT present with exercise-induced syncope and sudden cardiac death but normal resting electrocardiograms. Exercise or isoproterenol infusion may cause increased ventricular ectopy or bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. Treatment modalities include anti-adrenergic therapy and ICD implantation. Congenital SQTS is a relatively recently described disorder characterized by a very short QT interval and by susceptibility to atrial and ventricular fibrillation. ICD implantation is the primary therapy; quinidine may be a useful adjunctive therapy.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
AF prevalence in Brugada syndrome is 10-20%.
“Brugada syndrome SCN5A GPDIL SCN1B CACNA1C CACNB2b others INa INa INa ICa ICa others 10-20% 851-855”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [852]
Penetrance of disease phenotype including AF is variable in inherited cardiomyopathies and channelopathies.
“Penetrance of disease phenotype including AF is variable.61,852,885,886”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [852]
Cites
Brugada Syndrome: Report of the Second Consensus Conference
Antzelevitch, C. N., Brugada, P., Borggrefe, M. M., Brugada, J., Brugada, R., Corrado, D., Gussak, I. B., Marec, H. L., Nademanee, K., Pérez‐Riera, A. R., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000152479.54298.51 · Cited by 1,807 · see citing works
Schwartz, P. J., Priori, S. G., Spazzolini, C., Moss, A. J., Vincent, G. M., Napolitano, C., Denjoy, I., Guicheney, P., Breithardt, G., Keating, M. T., et al. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.1.89 · Cited by 1,779 · see citing works
Risk Stratification in the Long-QT Syndrome
Priori, S. G., Schwartz, P. J., Napolitano, C., Bloise, R., Ronchetti, E., Grillo, M., Vicentini, A., Spazzolini, C., Nastoli, J., Bottelli, G., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022147 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Natural History of Brugada Syndrome
Priori, S. G., Napolitano, C., Gasparini, M., Pappone, C., Bella, P. E. D., Giordano, U., Bloise, R., Giustetto, C., Nardis, R. D., Grillo, M., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc1102.105288 · Cited by 1,030 · see citing works
Antzelevitch, C., Pollevick, G. D., Cordeiro, J. M., Casis, O., Sanguinetti, M. C., Aizawa, Y., Guerchicoff, A., Pfeiffer, R., Oliva, A., Wollnik, B., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.668392 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Sudden death associated with short-QT syndrome linked to mutations in HERG
Brugada, R., Hong, K., Dumaine, R., Cordeiro, J., Gaita, F., Borggrefe, M., Menendez, T. M., Brugada, J., Pollevick, G. D., Wolpert, C., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000109482.92774.3a · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Effectiveness and Limitations of β-Blocker Therapy in Congenital Long-QT Syndrome
Moss, A. J., Zaręba, W., Hall, W. J., Schwartz, P. J., Crampton, R. S., Benhorin, J., Vincent, G. M., Locati, E. H., Priori, S. G., Napolitano, C., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.6.616 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Low Penetrance in the Long-QT Syndrome
Priori, S. G., Napolitano, C., & Schwartz, P. J. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.4.529 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Short QT Syndrome: A Familial Cause of Sudden Death
Gaita, F., Giustetto, C., Bianchi, F., Wolpert, C., Schimpf, R., Riccardi, R., Grossi, S., Richiardi, E., & Borggrefe, M. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000085071.28695.c4 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Schwartz, P. J., Priori, S. G., Cerrone, M., Spazzolini, C., Odero, A., Napolitano, C., Bloise, R., Ferrari, G. M. D., Klersy, C., Moss, A. J., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000125523.14403.1e · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Idiopathic Short QT Interval:A New Clinical Syndrome?
Gussak, I. B., Brugada, P., Brugada, J., Wright, R. S., Kopecky, S. L., CHAITMAN, B. R., & Bjerregaard, P. (2000) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000047299 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
A Novel Form of Short QT Syndrome (SQT3) Is Caused by a Mutation in the KCNJ2 Gene
Priori, S. G., Pandit, S. V., Rivolta, I., Berenfeld, O., Ronchetti, E., Dhamoon, A. S., Napolitano, C., ANUMONWO, J. M. B., di Barletta, M. R., Gudapakkam, S., et al. (2005) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000162101.76263.8c · Cited by 624 · see citing works
The Spectrum of Symptoms and QT Intervals in Carriers of the Gene for the Long-QT Syndrome
Vincent, G. M., Timothy, K. W., Leppert, M., & Keating, M. T. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199209173271204 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
ECG T-wave patterns in genetically distinct forms of the hereditary long QT syndrome
Moss, A. J., Zareba, W., Benhorin, J., Locati, E. H., Hall, W. J., Robinson, J. L., Schwartz, P. J., Towbin, J. A., Vincent, G. M., Lehmann, M. H., et al. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.10.2929 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Mutation in the KCNQ1 Gene Leading to the Short QT-Interval Syndrome
Bellocq, C., van Ginneken, A. C. G., Bezzina, C. R., Alders, M., Escande, D., Mannens, M. M. A. M., Baró, I., & Wilde, A. A. M. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000130409.72142.fe · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Association of Long QT Syndrome Loci and Cardiac Events Among Patients Treated With β-Blockers
Priori, S. G. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.11.1341 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Prevalence of Long-QT Syndrome Gene Variants in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Arnestad, M., Crotti, L., Rognum, T. O., Insolia, R., Pedrazzini, M., Ferrandi, C., Vege, Å., Wang, D. W., Rhodes, T. E., George, A. L., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.658021 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Brugada, J., Brugada, R., & Brugada, P. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000104568.13957.4f · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Watanabe, H., Koopmann, T., Scouarnec, S. L., Yang, T., Ingram, C. R., Schott, J., Demolombe, S., Probst, V., Anselme, F., Escande, D., et al. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci33891 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
The Brugada syndrome: clinical, electrophysiologic and genetic aspects
Gussak, I. B., Antzelevitch, C. N., Bjerregaard, P., Towbin, J., & CHAITMAN, B. R. (1999) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(98)00528-2 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Moss, A. J., Shimizu, W., Wilde, A. A. M., Towbin, J. A., Zaręba, W., Robinson, J. L., Qi, M., Vincent, G. M., Ackerman, M. J., Kaufman, E. S., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.665406 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Self-citationLondon, B., Michalec, M., Mehdi, H., Zhu, X., Kerchner, L., Sanyal, S., Viswanathan, P. C., Pfahnl, A. E., Shang, L. L., Madhusudanan, M., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.703330 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Left Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation for Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Wilde, A. A. M., Bhuiyan, Z. A., Crotti, L., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0708006 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Sauer, A. J., Moss, A. J., McNitt, S. A., Peterson, D. R., Zaręba, W., Robinson, J. L., Qi, M., Goldenberg, I., Hobbs, J. B., Ackerman, M. J., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.057 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome
Schwartz, P. J., Spazzolini, C., Crotti, L., Bathen, J., Amlie, J., Timothy, K. W., Shkolnikova, M. A., Berul, C. I., Bitner-Glindzicz, M. A. K., Toivonen, L. K., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.592899 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Moss, A. J., Zaręba, W., Kaufman, E. S., Gartman, E. J., Peterson, D. R., Benhorin, J., Towbin, J. A., Keating, M. T., Priori, S. G., Schwartz, P. J., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc0702.105124 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationShort QT syndrome: pharmacological treatment
Gaïta, F., Giustetto, C., Bianchi, F., Schimpf, R., Haı̈ssaguerre, M., Calò, L., Brugada, R., Antzelevitch, C. N., Borggrefe, M. M., & Wolpert, C. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.02.034 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
The long QT syndromes: genetic basis and clinical implications
Chiang, C., & Roden, D. M. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00716-6 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Risk of Aborted Cardiac Arrest or Sudden Cardiac Death During Adolescence in the Long-QT Syndrome
Hobbs, J. B., Peterson, D. R., Moss, A. J., McNitt, S. A., Zaręba, W., Goldenberg, I., Qi, M., Robinson, J. L., Sauer, A. J., Ackerman, M. J., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.10.1249 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationAntzelevitch, C. (2006) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00507.x · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in High‐Risk Long QT Syndrome Patients
Zaręba, W., Moss, A. J., Daubert, J. P., Hall, W. J., Robinson, J. L., & Andrews, M. L. (2003) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.02545.x · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Lukas, A., & Antzelevitch, C. (1996) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(96)00115-0 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Cardiac potassium channel dysfunction in sudden infant death syndrome
Rhodes, T. E., Abraham, R. L., Welch, R. C., Vanoye, C. G., Crotti, L., Arnestad, M., Insolia, R., Pedrazzini, M., Ferrandi, C., Vege, Å., et al. (2008) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.11.015 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Brugada, P., Brugada, R., & Brugada, J. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.104.485326 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Watanabe, H., Koopmann, T. T., Scouarnec, S. L., Yang, T., Ingram, C. R., Schott, J.-J., Demolombe, S., Probst, V., Anselme, F., Escande, D., et al. (2008) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1172/jc133891 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Effects of Flecainide in Patients With New SCN5A Mutation
Benhorin, J., Taub, R., Goldmit, M., Kerem, B., Kass, R. S., Windman, I., & Medina, A. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.14.1698 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Efficacy of permanent pacing in the management of high-risk patients with long QT syndrome.
Moss, A. J., Liu, J. E., Gottlieb, S., Locati, E. H., Schwartz, P. J., & Robinson, J. L. (1991) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1524 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Cardiac Sodium Channel Dysfunction in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Wang, D. W., Desai, R. R., Crotti, L., Arnestad, M., Insolia, R., Pedrazzini, M., Ferrandi, C., Vege, Å., Rognum, T. O., Schwartz, P. J., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.646513 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
A mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Stress-induced leak via ryanodine receptors
Tester, D. J., Důra, M., Carturan, E., et al. (2007) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.02.026 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Effect of Clinical Phenotype on Yield of Long QT Syndrome Genetic Testing
Tester, D. J., Will, M. L., Haglund, C. M., & Ackerman, M. J. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.09.056 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Molecular Genetic Insights into Cardiovascular Disease
Keating, M. T., & Sanguinetti, M. C. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.272.5262.681 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Congenital Short QT Syndrome and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Treatment:
Schimpf, R., Wolpert, C., BIANCHI, F., Giustetto, C., Gaïta, F., Bauersfeld, U., & Borggrefe, M. (2003) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2003.03278.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Norstrand, D. W. V., Valdivia, C. R., Tester, D. J., Ueda, K., London, B., Makielski, J. C., & Ackerman, M. J. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.704627 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The Idiopathic Long QT Syndrome: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapy
Schwartz, P. J., & Locati, E. H. (1985) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/6.suppl_d.103 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Diagnosis and treatment of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
Napolitano, C., & Priori, S. G. (2007) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.12.048 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Long-QT Syndrome Treated With β-Blockers and Continuous Pacing
Dorostkar, P. C., Eldar, M., Belhassen, B., & Scheinman, M. M. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.24.2431 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Moss, A. J., Windle, J. R., Hall, W. J., Zaręba, W., Robinson, J. L., McNitt, S. A., Severski, P. K., Rosero, S. Z., Daubert, J. P., Qi, M., et al. (2005) · Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology · doi:10.1111/j.1542-474x.2005.00077.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Roden, D. M., & Spooner, P. M. (1999) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00231.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Clinical features of the idiopathic long QT syndrome.
Moss, A. J., & Robinson, J. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Windle, J. R., Geletka, R., Moss, A. J., Zaręba, W., & Atkins, D. L. (2001) · Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology · doi:10.1111/j.1542-474x.2001.tb00100.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Molecular and Electrophysiological Bases of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Mohamed, U., Napolitano, C., & Priori, S. G. (2007) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00766.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Arrhythmias in the congenital long QT syndrome: how often is torsade de pointes pause dependent?
Viskin, S., Fish, R., Zeltser, D., Belhassen, B., Heller, K., Brosh, D., Laniado, S., & Barron, H. V. (2000) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heart.83.6.661 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Milberg, P., TEGELKAMP, R., Osada, N., Schimpf, R., Wolpert, C., Breithardt, G., Borggrefe, M., & Eckardt, L. (2007) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00813.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Schimpf, R., Bauersfeld, U., Gaïta, F., & Wolpert, C. (2005) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2004.11.026 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Long QT Syndrome in Children in the Era of Implantable Defibrillators
Etheridge, S. P., Sanatani, S., Cohen, M. I., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.05.042 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Near-miss SIDS due to Brugada syndrome
Skinner, J. R. (2005) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2004.058115 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Morita, H., Zipes, D. P., Fukushima‐Kusano, K., Nagase, S., Nakamura, K., Morita, S. T., Ohe, T., & Wu, J. (2008) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.02.028 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Risk of death in the long QT syndrome when a sibling has died
Kaufman, E. S., McNitt, S. A., Moss, A. J., Zaręba, W., Robinson, J. L., Hall, W. J., Ackerman, M. J., Benhorin, J., Locati, E. H., Napolitano, C., et al. (2008) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.02.029 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationLUKAS, A., & Antzelevitch, C. (1996) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/0008-6363(96)00115-0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sudden infant death syndrome and long QT syndrome: an epidemiological and genetic study
Wedekind, H., Bajanowski, T., Friederich, P., et al. (2005) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-005-0019-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Sakaguchi, T., Shimizu, W., Itoh, H., et al. (2008) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01138.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wehrens, X. H. T. (2006) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2006.12.016 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cardiac arrhythmias of genetic origin are important contributors to sudden infant death syndrome
Schwartz, P. J., & Crotti, L. (2007) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.03.035 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castella, M., Diener, H.-C., Heidbuchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210 · Cited by 6,418 · see citing works
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castella, M., Diener, H.-C., Heidbuchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezw313 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Jung, C. B., Moretti, A., Mederos y Schnitzler, M., Iop, L., Storch, U., Bellin, M., Dorn, T., Ruppenthal, S., Pfeiffer, S., Goedel, A., et al. (2012) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1002/emmm.201100194 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
EHRA/HRS/APHRS expert consensus on ventricular arrhythmias
Pedersen, C. T., Kay, G. N., Kalman, J., Borggrefe, M., Della-Bella, P., Dickfeld, T., Dorian, P., Huikuri, H., Kim, Y.-H., Knight, B., et al. (2014) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.07.024 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kaufman, E. S.
- Affiliations
- MetroHealth (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kaufman, Elizabeth S.
- Venue
- Heart Rhythm
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- S51-S55
- ISSN
- 1547-5271 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2146570555
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Heart Rhythm (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion channel regulation and function
- Keywords
- inherited channelopathies, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, short QT syndrome, sudden cardiac death, risk stratification, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, quinidine, sodium channel blockers, torsades de pointes, ventricular fibrillation, syncope, electrophysiologic testing
- MeSH terms
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Electrocardiography, Humans, Long QT Syndrome, Mutation, Syndrome, Defibrillators, Implantable, Tachycardia, Ventricular, Brugada Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review