Cited by 113Streptococcal Infections and TreatmentsOtolaryngology and Infectious DiseasesClostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections

Stevens, Dennis L., Bryant, Amy E., Goldstein, Ellie JC.·2021·Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

DOI 10.1016/j.idc.2020.10.004

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Necrotizing soft tissue infections occur after traumatic injuries, minor skin lesions, nonpenetrating injuries, natural childbirth, and in postsurgical and immunocompromised patients. Infections can be severe, rapidly progressive, and life threatening. Survivors often endure multiple surgeries and prolonged hospitalization and rehabilitation. Despite subtle nuances that may distinguish one entity from another, clinical approaches to diagnosis and treatment are highly similar. This review describes the clinical and laboratory features of necrotizing soft tissue infections and addresses recommended diagnostic and treatment modalities. It discusses the impact of delays in surgical debridement, antibiotic use, and resuscitation on mortality, and summarizes key pathogenic mechanisms.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.idc.2020.10.004

Cites

103 of 103 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016.
Rhodes, A., Evans, L. E., Alhazzani, W., Levy, M. M., Antonelli, M., Ferrer, R., Kumar, A., Sevransky, J. E., Sprung, C. L., Nunnally, M. E., et al. (2017) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6 · Cited by 6,621
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Stevens, D. L., Bisno, A. L., Chambers, H. F., Dellinger, E. P., Goldstein, E. J. C., Gorbach, S. L., Hirschmann, J. V., Kaplan, S. L., Montoya, J. G., & Wade, J. C. (2014) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296 · Cited by 2,780
Self-citation
The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: A tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections*
Wong, C.-H., Khin, L.-W., Heng, K.-S., Tan, K.-C., & Low, C.-O. (2004) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000129486.35458.7d · Cited by 1,611
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Stevens, D. L., Bisno, A. L., Chambers, H. F., Everett, E. D., Dellinger, P., Goldstein, E. J. C., Gorbach, S. L., Hirschmann, J. V., Kaplan, E. L., Montoya, J. G., et al. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/497143 · Cited by 1,602
Self-citation
Severe Group A Streptococcal Infections Associated with a Toxic Shock-like Syndrome and Scarlet Fever Toxin A
Stevens, D. L., Tanner, M. H., Winship, J., Swarts, R., Ries, K. M., Schlievert, P. M., & Kaplan, E. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198907063210101 · Cited by 1,216
Self-citation
Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles
Miller, L. G., Perdreau-Remington, F., Rieg, G., Mehdi, S., Perlroth, J., Bayer, A. S., Tang, A. W., Phung, T. O., & Spellberg, B. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa042683 · Cited by 1,053
Streptococcal Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues
Bisno, A. L., & Stevens, D. L. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199601253340407 · Cited by 1,001
Self-citation
Determinants of Mortality for Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections
McHenry, C. R., Piotrowski, J. J., Petrinic, D., & Malangoni, M. A. (1995) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-199505000-00013 · Cited by 888
Invasive Group A Streptococcus Infections
Stevens, D. L. (1992) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/14.1.2 · Cited by 710
Self-citation
Intravenous Immunoglobulin G Therapy in Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: A European Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Darenberg, J., Ihendyane, N., Sjolin, J., Aufwerber, E., Haidl, S., Follin, P., Andersson, J., Norrby-Teglund, A., & The Streptlg Study Group (2003) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/376630 · Cited by 573
Early Recognition of Potentially Fatal Necrotizing Fasciitis: The Use of Frozen-Section Biopsy
Stamenkovic, I., & Lew, P. D. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198406283102601 · Cited by 511
The Eagle Effect Revisited: Efficacy of Clindamycin, Erythromycin, and Penicillin in the Treatment of Streptococcal Myositis
Stevens, D. L., Gibbons, A. E., Bergstrom, R., & Winn, V. (1988) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/158.1.23 · Cited by 473
Self-citation
Epidemiology of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections in the United States, 2005–2012
Nelson, G. E., Pondo, T., Toews, K.-A., Farley, M. M., Lindegren, M. L., Lynfield, R., Aragon, D., Zansky, S. M., Watt, J. P., Cieslak, P. R., et al. (2016) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciw248 · Cited by 404
An immunogenetic and molecular basis for differences in outcomes of invasive group A streptococcal infections
Kotb, M., Norrby-Teglund, A., McGeer, A., El-Sherbini, H., Dorak, M. T., Khurshid, A., Green, K., Peeples, J., Wade, J., Thomson, G., et al. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1202-800 · Cited by 398
M Protein, a Classical Bacterial Virulence Determinant, Forms Complexes with Fibrinogen that Induce Vascular Leakage
Herwald, H., Cramer, H., Mörgelin, M., Russell, W., Sollenberg, U., Norrby-Teglund, A., Flodgaard, H., Lindbom, L., & Björck, L. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00057-1 · Cited by 375
Antianaerobic Antimicrobials: Spectrum and Susceptibility Testing
Brook, I., Wexler, H. M., & Goldstein, E. J. C. (2013) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00086-12 · Cited by 333
Self-citation
THE HISTOTOXIC CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTIONS OF MAN 12
MacLennan, J. D. (1962) · Bacteriological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.26.2_pt_1-2.177-274.1962 · Cited by 328
Improved outcome of clindamycin compared with beta-lactam antibiotic treatment for invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection
ZIMBELMAN, J., PALMER, A., & TODD, J. (1999) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-199912000-00014 · Cited by 322
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection: Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical Examination, Imaging, and LRINEC Score: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Fernando, S. M., Tran, A., Cheng, W., Rochwerg, B., Kyeremanteng, K., Seely, A. J. E., Inaba, K., & Perry, J. J. (2019) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000002774 · Cited by 309
A simple model to help distinguish necrotizing fasciitis from nonnecrotizing soft tissue infection1
Wall, D. B., Klein, S. R., Black, S., & de Virgilio, C. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/s1072-7515(00)00318-5 · Cited by 283
Toxic shock syndrome-associated staphylococcal and streptococcal pyrogenic toxins are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor production
Fast, D. J., Schlievert, P. M., & Nelson, R. D. (1989) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.57.1.291-294.1989 · Cited by 272
Effectiveness of Clindamycin and Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Risk of Disease in Contacts, in Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections
Carapetis, J. R., Jacoby, P., Carville, K., Ang, S.-J. J., Curtis, N., & Andrews, R. (2014) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciu304 · Cited by 256
Necrotising fasciitis due to group A streptococci in western Norway: incidence and clinical features
Chelsom, J., Chelsom, J., Halstensen, A. I., et al. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90629-7 · Cited by 242
Clostridium sordellii Infection: Epidemiology, Clinical Findings, and Current Perspectives on Diagnosis and Treatment
Aldape, M. J., Bryant, A. E., & Stevens, D. L. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/508866 · Cited by 242
Self-citation
Clinical Efficacy of Polyspecific Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy in Patients With Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Comparative Observational Study
Linnér, A., Darenberg, J., Sjölin, J., Henriques‐Normark, B., & Norrby‐Teglund, A. (2014) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciu449 · Cited by 230
Treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infections
Freischlag, J. A., Ajalat, G. M., & Busuttill, R. W. (1985) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(85)80180-x · Cited by 227
Necrotizing Fasciitis: Improved Survival With Early Recognition by Tissue Biopsy and Aggressive Surgical Treatment
MAJESKI, J. A., & Majeski, E. I. (1997) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/00007611-199711000-00001 · Cited by 223
Spontaneous, Nontraumatic Gangrene Due to Clostridium septicum
Stevens, D. L., Musher, D. M., WATSON, D. A., Eddy, H. A., Hamill, R. J., Györkey, F., Rosen, H., & Mader, J. T. (1990) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/12.2.286 · Cited by 217
Self-citation
Polyspecific Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Clindamycin-treated Patients With Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Parks, T., Wilson, C., Curtis, N. C., Norrby‐Teglund, A., & Sriskandan, S. (2018) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciy401 · Cited by 209
Hyperbaric oxygen as adjuvant therapy in the management of necrotizing fasciitis
Jallali, N., Withey, S., & Butler, P. E. M. (2005) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.01.012 · Cited by 208
Hyperbaric Oxygen for Treating Wounds: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Wang, C., Schwaitzberg, S., Berliner, E., Zarin, D. A., & Lau, J. (2003) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.138.3.272 · Cited by 186
Assessing the Relationship Between the Use of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Group A Streptococcus
Aronoff, D. M., & Bloch, K. C. (2003) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.md.0000085060.63483.bb · Cited by 181
The Expression of Intermediate Filament protein Nestin as Related to Vimentin and Desmin in Regenerating Skeletal Muscle
Vaittinen, S., Lukka, R., Sahlgren, C., Hurme, T., Rantanen, J., Lendahl, U., Eriksson, J., & Kalimo, H. (2001) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/60.6.588 · Cited by 178
Increasing Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinically Important Anaerobes and Bacteroides fragilis Isolates Causing Nosocomial Infections: Emerging Resistance to Carbapenems
Liu, C., Huang, Y., Liao, C., Yen, L.-C., Lin, H.-Y., & Hsueh, P. (2008) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00355-08 · Cited by 162
BACTERIAL SYNERGISM IN DISEASE PROCESSES
Meleney, F. L. (1931) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-193112000-00001 · Cited by 151
Sensitivity of Group A Streptococci to Antibiotics
Maruyama, S. (1979) · American journal of diseases of children · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1979.02130110051007 · Cited by 149
Streptococcal Myositis
Adams, E. M. (1985) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.145.6.1020 · Cited by 147
Comparison of Clindamycin, Rifampin, Tetracycline, Metronidazole, and Penicillin for Efficacy in Prevention of Experimental Gas Gangrene Due to Clostridium perfringens
Stevens, D. L., Maier, K. A., Laine, B. M., et al. (1987) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/155.2.220 · Cited by 139
Self-citation
Group A Streptococcal Bacteremia: The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Shock and Organ Failure
Stevens, D. L., Bryant, A. E., Hackett, S. P., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/173.3.619 · Cited by 138
Self-citation
Risk Factors and Predictors of Mortality in Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft-tissue Infections: A Multicenter Prospective Study
Bruun, T., Rath, E., Madsen, M. B., Oppegaard, O., Nekludov, M., Arnell, P., Karlsson, Y., Babbar, A., Bergey, F., Itzek, A., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa027 · Cited by 134
Immunoglobulin G for patients with necrotising soft tissue infection (INSTINCT): A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled trial.
Madsen, M. B., Hjortrup, P. B., Hansen, M. B., Lange, T., Norrby-Teglund, A., Hyldegaard, O., & Perner, A. (2017) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-017-4786-0 · Cited by 128
Superantigenic properties of the group A streptococcal exotoxin SpeF (MF)
Norrby‐Teglund, A., Newton, D. W., Kotb, M., Holm, S. E., & Norgren, M. (1994) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.62.12.5227-5233.1994 · Cited by 125
Application of the Laboratory Risk Indicator in Necrotising Fasciitis (LRINEC) Score to Patients in a Tropical Tertiary Referral Centre
Holland, M. J. (2009) · Anaesthesia and Intensive Care · doi:10.1177/0310057x0903700416 · Cited by 123
Early surgical intervention and its impact on patients presenting with necrotizing soft tissue infections: A single academic center experience
Latifi, R., Hadeed, G. J., Smith, J. J., O’Keeffe, T., Kulvatunyou, N., Wynne, J. L., Joseph, B. A., Friese, R., Wachtel, T., Rhee, P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Emergencies Trauma and Shock · doi:10.4103/0974-2700.173868 · Cited by 123
Group A Streptococcal Myonecrosis: Increased Vimentin Expression after Skeletal‐Muscle Injury Mediates the Binding ofStreptococcus pyogenes
Bryant, A. E., Bayer, C. R., Huntington, J. D., & Stevens, D. L. (2006) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/504261 · Cited by 116
Self-citation
A Case of Necrotizing Fasciitis with a LRINEC Score of Zero: Clinical Suspicion Should Trump Scoring Systems
Wilson, M. P., & Schneir, A. (2012) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.09.039 · Cited by 115
Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes Isolates from the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California
York, M. K., Gibbs, L., Perdreau‐Remington, F., & Brooks, G. F. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.37.6.1727-1731.1999 · Cited by 113
Superantigens Associated with Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome are Potent Inducers of Tumor Necrosis Factor- Synthesis
Hackett, S. P., & Stevens, D. L. (1993) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/168.1.232 · Cited by 111
Self-citation
Not Just Full of Hot Air: Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Increases Survival in Cases of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Shaw, J., Psoinos, C. M., Emhoff, T. A., Shah, S. A., & Santry, H. P. (2014) · Surgical Infections · doi:10.1089/sur.2012.135 · Cited by 110
Lethal Effects and Cardiovascular Effects of Purified - and -Toxins from Clostridium perjringens
Stevens, D. L., Troyer, B. E., Merrick, D., Mitten, J. E., & Olson, R. D. (1988) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/157.2.272 · Cited by 108
Self-citation
2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infectionsa
Lipsky, B. A., Berendt, A. R., Cornia, P. B., Pile, J. C., Peters, E. J. G., Armstrong, D. G., Deery, H. G., Embil, J. M., Joseph, W. S., Karchmer, A. W., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association · doi:10.7547/1030002 · Cited by 108
Biology and Pathogenesis of Thrombosis and Procoagulant Activity in Invasive Infections Caused by Group A Streptococci andClostridium perfringens
Bryant, A. E. (2003) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.16.3.451-462.2003 · Cited by 105
Self-citation
Weight gain with breast cancer adjuvant treatment
Levine, E. G., Raczynski, J. M., & Carpenter, J. T. (1991) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19910401)67:7<1928::aid-cncr2820670718>3.0.co;2-9 · Cited by 100
Varying Titers of Neutralizing Antibodies to Streptococcal Superantigens in Different Preparations of Normal Polyspecific Immunoglobulin G: Implications for Therapeutic Efficacy
Norrby‐Teglund, A., Basma, H., Andersson, J., McGeer, A., Low, D. E., & Kotb, M. (1998) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/514588 · Cited by 100
THE TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROMES
Stevens, D. L. (1996) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70324-x · Cited by 99
Self-citation
Emergence of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes Strains in French Children
Bingen, É., Bidet, P., Mihaïla-Amrouche, L., Doit, C., Forcet, S., Brahimi, N., Bouvet, A., & Cohen, R. (2004) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.48.9.3559-3562.2004 · Cited by 96
Pregnancy-Related Group A Streptococcal Infections: Temporal Relationships Between Bacterial Acquisition, Infection Onset, Clinical Findings, and Outcome
Hamilton, S. M., Stevens, D. L., & Bryant, A. E. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit282 · Cited by 94
Self-citation
Review of 58 patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands
van Stigt, S. F. L., de Vries, J., Bijker, J. B., Mollen, R. M. H. G., Hekma, E. J., Lemson, S., & Tan, E. C. T. H. (2016) · World Journal of Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1186/s13017-016-0080-7 · Cited by 94
Early diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing fasciitis can improve survival: an observational intensive care unit cohort study
Bucca, K., Spencer, R., Orford, N. R., Cattigan, C., Athan, E., & McDonald, A. (2012) · ANZ Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06251.x · Cited by 88
Necrotising Soft Tissue Infections: The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Mortality
Devaney, B., Frawley, G. P., Frawley, L., & Pilcher, D. V. (2015) · Anaesthesia and Intensive Care · doi:10.1177/0310057x1504300604 · Cited by 86
Necrotising soft tissue infection in a UK metropolitan population
Glass, G., Sheil, F., Ruston, J. C., & Butler, P. (2014) · Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England · doi:10.1308/003588414x14055925058553 · Cited by 84
Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria in Ontario, 2010–2011
Marchand‐Austin, A., Rawte, P., Toye, B., Jamieson, F., Farrell, D. J., & Patel, S. N. (2014) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.05.015 · Cited by 84
Trends in antimicrobial resistance among Bacteroides species and Parabacteroides species in the United States from 2010–2012 with comparison to 2008–2009
Snydman, D. R., Jacobus, N. V., McDermott, L. A., Goldstein, E. J. C., Harrell, L. J., Jenkins, S. G., Newton, D. W., Patel, R., & Hecht, D. W. (2016) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.11.003 · Cited by 82
Self-citation
Comparison of single and combination antimicrobial agents for prevention of experimental gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens
Stevens, D. L., Laine, B. M., & Mitten, J. E. (1987) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.31.2.312 · Cited by 77
Self-citation
Similar cytokine induction profiles of a novel streptococcal exotoxin, MF, and pyrogenic exotoxins A and B
Norrby‐Teglund, A., Norgren, M., Holm, S. E., Andersson, J., & Andersson, J. (1994) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.62.9.3731-3738.1994 · Cited by 76
Evaluation of Therapy with Hyperharic Oxygen for Experimental Infection with Clostridium perfringens
Stevens, D. L., Bryant, A. E., Adams, K. R., & Mader, J. T. (1993) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/17.2.231 · Cited by 73
Self-citation
Inadequate Sensitivity of Laboratory Risk Indicator to Rule Out Necrotizing Fasciitis in the Emergency Department
Burner, E., Henderson, S. O., Burke, G. V., Nakashioya, J., & Hoffman, J. R. (2016) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2016.2.29069 · Cited by 66
Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C-induced platelet/leukocyte interactions impede neutrophil diapedesis
Bryant, A. E., Bayer, C. R., Aldape, M. J., Wallace, R. J., Titball, R. W., & Stevens, D. L. (2006) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.46390-0 · Cited by 65
Self-citation
The role of contrast enhanced computed tomography in the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis and comparison with the laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC)
Carbonetti, F., Cremona, A., Carusi, V., Guidi, M., Iannicelli, E., Girolamo, M. D., Sergi, D., Clarioni, A., Baio, G., Antonelli, G., et al. (2015) · La radiologia medica · doi:10.1007/s11547-015-0575-4 · Cited by 64
Blunt Trauma as a Risk Factor for Group A Streptococcal Necrotizing Fasciitis
Nuwayhid, Z. B., Aronoff, D. M., & Mulla, Z. D. (2007) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.05.011 · Cited by 61
Red Flags For Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Case Control Study
Alayed, K. A., Tan, C., & Daneman, N. (2015) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2015.04.021 · Cited by 60
ON THE BACTERIOLOGY OF SEPTIC WOUNDS.
Fleming, A. (1915) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)54169-5 · Cited by 60
Muscle Injury, Vimentin Expression, and Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs Predispose to Cryptic Group A Streptococcal Necrotizing Infection
Hamilton, S. M., Bayer, C. R., Stevens, D. L., Lieber, R. L., & Bryant, A. E. (2008) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/593016 · Cited by 59
Self-citation
Ibuprofen worsens Streptococcus pyogenes soft tissue infections in mice
Weng, T., Chen, C.-C., Toh, H. S., & Tang, H.-J. (2011) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2011.04.012 · Cited by 55
Macrolide and Clindamycin Resistance in Group a Streptococci Isolated From Children With Pharyngitis
DeMuri, G. P., Sterkel, A., Kubica, P. A., Duster, M. N., Reed, K. D., & Wald, E. R. (2016) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000001442 · Cited by 55
Effects of Selective and Nonselective Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Antibiotic Efficacy of Experimental Group A Streptococcal Myonecrosis
Hamilton, S. M., Bayer, C. R., Stevens, D. L., & Bryant, A. E. (2013) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jit594 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Increasing telithromycin resistance among Streptococcus pyogenes in Europe
Richter, S. S., Heilmann, K. P., Dohrn, C. L., Beekmann, S. E., Riahi, F., García-de-Lomas, J., Ferech, M., Goossens, H., & Doern, G. V. (2008) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkm525 · Cited by 47
The roles of injury and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the development and outcomes of severe group A streptococcal soft tissue infections
Bryant, A. E., Bayer, C. R., Aldape, M. J., & Stevens, D. L. (2015) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000160 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Laboratory evaluation for pediatric patients with suspected necrotizing soft tissue infections: A case–control study
Putnam, L. R., Richards, M. K., Sandvall, B. K., Hopper, R. A., Waldhausen, J. H. T., & Harting, M. T. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.076 · Cited by 35
Temporal relationship of cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by the streptococcal superantigen pep M5
Kotb, M., Ohnishi, H., Majumdar, G., Hackett, S. P., Bryant, A. E., Higgins, G., & Stevens, D. L. (1993) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.61.4.1194-1201.1993 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
In vitro activity of eravacycline and comparator antimicrobials against 143 recent strains of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides species
Goldstein, E. J. C., Citron, D. M., & Tyrrell, K. L. (2018) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.06.016 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Cardiac Myocyte Dysfunction Induced by Streptolysin O Is Membrane Pore and Calcium Dependent
Bolz, D. D., Li, Z., McIndoo, E. R., Tweten, R. K., Bryant, A. E., & Stevens, D. L. (2014) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000000266 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Hyperbare Oxygenation bei nekrotisierenden Weichteilinfektionen: Kontra
Willy, C., Rieger, H., & Vogt, D. (2012) · Der Chirurg · doi:10.1007/s00104-012-2284-z · Cited by 30
Emerging erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in group A streptococci: Efficacy of linezolid and tedizolid in experimental necrotizing infection
Bryant, A. E., Bayer, C. R., Aldape, M. J., McIndoo, E. R., & Stevens, D. L. (2020) · Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.04.032 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
United States National Hospital Survey of Anaerobic Culture and Susceptibility Methods, II
Goldstein, E. J. C., Citron, D. M., Goldman, R. J., Claros, M. C., & Hunt-Gerrado, S. (1995) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1006/anae.1995.1032 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
Emergence of Erythromycin- and Clindamycin-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes emm 90 Strains in Hawaii
Chen, I., Kaufisi, P., & Erdem, G. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02208-10 · Cited by 25
Clindamycin-resistant Clostridium perfringens cellulitis
Khanna, N. (2008) · Journal of Tissue Viability · doi:10.1016/j.jtv.2008.04.001 · Cited by 24
LARGE PHAGEDENIC ULCER OF ABDOMEN
LUCKETT, W. H. (1909) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-190909000-00007 · Cited by 21
Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains
Goldstein, E. J. C., Citron, D. M., Tyrrell, K. L., Leoncio, E. S., & Merriam, C. V. (2017) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01992-17 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
Anaerobic Cellulitis and Gas Gangrene
Qvist, G. (1941) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4206.217 · Cited by 20
Possible role of anti-inflammatory drugs in complications of pharyngitis. A retrospective analysis of 163 cases
Demeslay, J., de Bonnecaze, G., Vairel, B., Chaput, B., Pessey, J.-J., Serrano, É., & Vergèz, S. (2014) · European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2013.08.005 · Cited by 19
Limb Salvage for Streptococcal Gangrene of the Extremity
Schurr, M. J., Engelhardt, S., & Helgerson, R. B. (1998) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(97)00297-3 · Cited by 16
Is there an association between prior anti-inflammatory drug exposure and occurrence of peritonsillar abscess (PTA)? A national multicenter prospective observational case–control study
for the French PTA Study Group, Lepelletier, D., Pinaud, V., Conte, P. L., Bourigault, C., Asseray, N., Ballereau, F., Caillon, J., Ferron, C., Righini, C. A., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-016-2770-1 · Cited by 16
Biomarkers of necrotising soft tissue infections: aspects of the innate immune response and effects of hyperbaric oxygenation—the protocol of the prospective cohort BIONEC study
Hansen, M. B., Simonsen, U., Garred, P., & Hyldegaard, O. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006995 · Cited by 14
Erythromycin-resistant genes in group A β-haemolytic Streptococci in Chengdu, Southwestern China
Zhou, W. L., Jiang, Y., Wang, H., Kuang, L., Hu, Z., Shi, H., Shu, M., & Wan, C. (2014) · Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.4103/0255-0857.136568 · Cited by 13
Cardiac dysfunction in StrepTSS: Group A streptococcus disrupts the directional cardiomyocyte-to-macrophage crosstalk that maintains macrophage quiescence
Li, Z., Bryant, A. E., Parimon, T., & Stevens, D. L. (2012) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.023 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Impact of anti-inflammatory drug consumption in peritonsillar abscesses: a retrospective cohort study
Feasson, T., Debeaupte, M., Bidet, C., Ader, F., Disant, F., Ferry, T., Chidiac, C., & Valour, F. (2016) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1761-2 · Cited by 10
In VitroActivity of Tedizolid Compared to Linezolid and Five Other Antimicrobial Agents against 332 Anaerobic Isolates, Including Bacteroides fragilis Group,Prevotella,Porphyromonas, andVeillonellaSpecies
Goldstein, E. J. C., Merriam, C. V., & Citron, D. M. (2020) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01088-20 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
The role of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs intramuscular injection in the development and severity of deep soft tissue infection in mice
Türe, Z., Demiraslan, H., Kontaş, O., Alp, E., & Doğanay, M. (2017) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.12336 · Cited by 8
Do cardiomyocytes mount an immune response to Group A Streptococcus?
Li, Z., Bryant, A. E., Hamilton, S. M., Bayer, C. R., Ma, Y., & Stevens, D. L. (2011) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2011.02.009 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
A Case of Lemierre's Syndrome Associated with Necrotizing Fasciitis and Septic Embolization
Suzuki, K., Hayashi, Y., Otsuka, H., Orita, M., Kuwana, T., Hashimoto, K., Kasamaki, Y., Yanai, M., Kinoshita, K., & Soma, M. (2016) · Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi · doi:10.2169/naika.105.99 · Cited by 4
ANAEROBIC CELLULITIS.
Stewart, J. (1905) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1905.52510080026002g · Cited by 3
Spontaneous Abscess of the Anterior Abdominal Wall Caused by Clostridium perfringens Resistant to Clindamycin
Salido, A. J., Caro, A., Casas, C. O., Fernández, F. M., Guilera, E. D., & Guillén, V. V. (2012) · Surgical Infections · doi:10.1089/sur.2011.109 · Cited by 1

Research works printed but not linked: 8

Khamnuan, 2015, Necrotizing fasciitis: epidemiology and clinical predictors for amputation, Int J Gen Med, 8, 195
Tawa, 2016, Severe sepsis associated with Lemierre's syndrome: a rare but life-threatening disease, Case Rep Crit Care, 2016, 1264283
Stevens DL, Bryant AE. Severe group A streptococcal infections. In: Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors. Streptococcus pyogenes: basic biology to clinical manifestations. NCBI e-book; Bookshelf ID: NBK333425; 2016:PMID: 26866227.
Stevens, 1988, Recurrent gas gangrene at a site of remote injury: localization due to circulating antitoxin, West J Med, 148, 204
Stevens DL, Shelly MP, Stiller R, Villasenor-S.A., Bryant AE. Acute reversible cardiomyopathy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Proceedings of the XVIIth Lancefield International Symposium on Streptococci and Streptococcal Diseases, 179. Porto Heli, Greece, 2008. Ref Type: Abstract.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 30th edition. CLSI Supplement M100 2020.
Leal, 2008, Epidemiology of Clostridium species bacteremia in Calgary, Canada, 2000-2006, J Infect, 57, 198
Kadri, 2017, Impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on survival in necrotizing fasciitis with vasopressor-dependent shock: a propensity score-matched analysis from 130 US Hospitals, Clin Infect Dis, 64, 877, 10.1093/cid/ciw871 · DOI

Still being checked.

Authors: Stevens, D. L., Bryant, A. E., & Goldstein, E. J.
Affiliations: Boise VA Medical Center (US)
Idaho State University (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Bryant, Amy E.
ORCID: Stevens, Dennis L.
Venue: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-03
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 135-155
ISSN: 0891-5520 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2020.10.004
OpenAlex: W3022945043
Cited by: 113
References: 103
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 7
FWCI: 1.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Current treatment options in infectious diseases/Current treatment options in infectious disease
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Streptococcal Infections and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Otolaryngology and Infectious Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
Keywords: necrotizing soft tissue infection, soft tissue necrosis, traumatic injury, immunocompromised patients, postoperative infection, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy, resuscitation, mortality, pathophysiological mechanisms
MeSH terms: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Clostridium, Combined Modality Therapy, Debridement, Female, Gas Gangrene, Hospitalization, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Streptococcal Infections, Streptococcus pyogenes, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Soft Tissue Infections, Fasciitis, Necrotizing, Coinfection

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.

Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks

Data sources