The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
An insight into the implementation of the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance in the WHO African region: A roadmap for action
Abstract
Introduction The Global Action Plan (GAP) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) delivers a 'One Health' strategy for the development of the national action plan. It encourages the optimal use of antimicrobials and strengthens the evidence base through surveillance and research. Methods This study evaluated the current status of implementation of the GAP on AMR in World Health Organization (WHO) African countries via a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected data on AMR. A SWOT analysis was used to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in the GAP implementation. A roadmap for action was proposed. Results The overall mean GAP performance score across all the countries that were assessed was 32% ± SD12 (95% CI 27-36%). The mean thematic scores were 59% ± 12 (53-65%) for multi-sector and One Health collaboration; 50% ± 22 (42-58%) for developing national AMR action plans; 38% ± 12 (33-42%) for awareness and training; 18% ± 13 (13-23%) for surveillance; 33% ± 13 (29-38%) for infection prevention and control; and 28% ± 23 (20-37%) for optimal use of antimicrobial medicines in human, animal and plant health. The difference in GAP performance scores between African sub-regions and between income categories was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). While seven countries exhibited strengths in two themes, 25 countries exhibited weaknesses across all themes. Six threats and six opportunities were identified to inform a practical ro…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, elsewhere, Mozambique was found to have inadequate implementation of NAPs, especially in collaboration with different sectors.194”
From Antimicrobial Resistance Rates and Surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where Are We Now? (2022) · cites this paper as [194]
In the citing paper
“According to the findings of a study by Iwu and Patrick, the performance of SSA countries in the different thematic areas of the GAP was 38±12% in awareness creation and training, 18±13% in surveillance, 33±13% in prevention and control infections, 28 ±23% in optimal use of antimicrobial agents, and 59±12% in multisector and One Health collaboration.194”
From Antimicrobial Resistance Rates and Surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where Are We Now? (2022) · cites this paper as [194]
In the citing paper
“Inadequate competent human resources have also been identified as a major challenge in healthcare provision in Africa.194,197,201”
From Antimicrobial Resistance Rates and Surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where Are We Now? (2022) · cites this paper as [194]
In the citing paper
“A high number of East African countries was found to be undertaking AMR surveillance in human and animal pathogens.193,194”
From Antimicrobial Resistance Rates and Surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where Are We Now? (2022) · cites this paper as [194]
In the citing paper
“One of the challenges identified in the implementation of NAPs in Mozambique was the poor collaboration between the different sectors.194”
From Antimicrobial Resistance Rates and Surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where Are We Now? (2022) · cites this paper as [194]
Citations
Cites
Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance
Holmes, A. H., Moore, L. S. P., Sundsfjord, A., Steinbakk, M., Regmi, S., Karkey, A., Guerin, P. J., & Piddock, L. J. V. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00473-0 · Cited by 2,611
The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies
Ayukekbong, J. A., Ntemgwa, M., & Atabe, A. N. (2017) · Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x · Cited by 1,315
Laboratory medicine in Africa: a barrier to effective health care
Petti, C. A., Polage, C. R., Quinn, T. C., Ronald, A. R., & Sande, M. A. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/499363 · Cited by 749
Antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review
Tadesse, B. T., Ashley, E. A., Ongarello, S., Havumaki, J., Wijegoonewardena, M., González, I. J., & Dittrich, S. (2017) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2713-1 · Cited by 554
Tackling antimicrobial resistance in low-income and middle-income countries
Pokharel, S., Raut, S., & Adhikari, B. (2019) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002104 · Cited by 407
Tackling antimicrobial resistance in the COVID-19 pandemic
Getahun, H., Smith, I., Trivedi, K., Paulin, S., & Balkhy, H. H. (2020) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.20.268573 · Cited by 325
The role of international travel in the worldwide spread of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae
van der Bij, A. K., & Pitout, J. D. D. (2012) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dks214 · Cited by 292
Counterfeit or substandard antimicrobial drugs: a review of the scientific evidence
Kelesidis, T., Kelesidis, I., Rafailidis, P. I., & Falagas, M. E. (2007) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkm109 · Cited by 242
Iwu, C. D., Korsten, L., & Okoh, A. I. (2020) · MicrobiologyOpen · doi:10.1002/mbo3.1035 · Cited by 241
Self-citationDenyer Willis, L., & Chandler, C. (2019) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001590 · Cited by 217
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Ndihokubwayo, 2013, 16, 27
- 2018, Antimicrobial resistance: Invest in innovation and research, and boost R&D and access, IACG Discussion Paper
Cited by
Antimicrobial Resistance Rates and Surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where Are We Now?
Kariuki, S., Kering, K., Wairimu, C., Onsare, R., & Mbae, C. (2022) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s342753 · Cited by 245
Godman, B., Egwuenu, A. J., Wesangula, E., Schellack, N., Kalungia, A. C., Tiroyakgosi, C., Kgatlwane, J., Mwita, J. C., Okwen, P., Niba, L. L., et al. (2022) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2022.2106368 · Cited by 153
Sharma, A., Singh, A., Dar, M. A., Kaur, R. J., Charan, J., Iskandar, K., Haque, M., Murti, K., Ravichandiran, V., & Dhingra, S. (2021) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.12.008 · Cited by 122
Global Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective
Mudenda, S., Chabalenge, B., Daka, V., Mfune, R. L., Salachi, K. I., Mohamed, S., Mufwambi, W., Kasanga, M., & Matafwali, S. K. (2023) · Pharmacology & Pharmacy · doi:10.4236/pp.2023.148020 · Cited by 122
Environmental Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications for Food Safety and Public Health
Ifedinezi, O. V., Nnaji, N. D., Anumudu, C. K., Ekwueme, C. T., Uhegwu, C. C., Ihenetu, F. C., Obioha, P., Simon, B. O., Ezechukwu, P. S., & Onyeaka, H. N. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13111087 · Cited by 100
Metadata
- Authors
- Iwu, C. D., & Patrick, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Iwu, Chidozie Declan
- Venue
- International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 106411
- ISSN
- 0924-8579 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3188742083
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pretoria
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Keywords
- antimicrobial resistance, Global Action Plan on AMR, One Health, national action plans, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, infection control, WHO African Region, SWOT analysis
- MeSH terms
- Antimicrobial Stewardship, One Health, Africa, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health Policy, Humans, Public Health, Retrospective Studies, World Health Organization, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: An insight into the implementation of the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance in the WHO African region: A roadmap for action. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106411
- The paper
- Iwu, C. D., & Patrick, S. M. (2021). An insight into the implementation of the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance in the WHO African region: A roadmap for action. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106411
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
