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Comparative extraction and characterisation of cellulose nanostructures from sawdust and maize stalk biomass
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The conversion of agricultural waste into high-value nanoparticles presents a sustainable approach to waste management and the production of bio-based goods. This work effectively collected cellulose nanofibers and cellulose nanocrystals from agricultural leftovers using chemical methods. The resulting nanocelluloses were characterised through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to ascertain their chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, and thermal stability. XRD revealed a crystalline cellulose I structure for cellulose nanofibers and a crystalline cellulose Iβ structure for nanocrystals. The former exhibited a crystallinity index of 74.3 %, surpassing the cellulose nanocrystals index of 66.8 %. Cellulose nanocrystals exhibited reduced thermal stability compared to cellulose nanofibers throughout the analysed TGA range. The zeta potential (ζ) values were found to be -18.2 ± 085 mV for cellulose nanofibers and - 12.80 ± 1.91 mV for cellulose nanocrystals. The kinetic activation energy for cellulose nanofibers exceeds that of cellulose nanocrystals, as determined by the Broido and Coats-Redfern models. The research illustrates the viability of agricultural waste as a plentiful, renewable feedstock for the production of cellulose nanomaterials, which possess properties appropriate for use in biocomposites, films, hydrogels,…
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The negative ζ-potential of CNFs indicates electrostatic repulsion and improved water dispersibility due to abundant surface hydroxyl and carboxylate groups.
“The negative ζ-potential (− 18.2 ± 0.85 mV) in CNFs indicates electrostatic repulsion and improved water dispersibility due to the abundant surface hydroxyl and carboxylate groups [34].”
From Dual-function aerogel electrocatalyst enabling efficient hydrogen production and ambient-temperature hydrogen detection (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Makhado, E., Seleka, W. M., Mahlaule Glory, L., Selowa, K., Abu Elella, M. H., Botlhoko, O. J., Satekge, T. K., & Hato, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Limpopo (ZA)
- University of Johannesburg (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Makhado, Edwin
- Venue
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-11
- Volume
- 329
- Issue
- Pt 1
- Pages
- 147842
- ISSN
- 0141-8130 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4414533260
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiteit van Limpopo
- National Research Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Lignin and Wood Chemistry
- Keywords
- cellulose nanofibers, cellulose nanocrystals, nanocellulose, agricultural waste valorization, sawdust, corn stalk, biomass conversion, crystallinity, thermal stability, zeta potential, activation energy, Coats-Redfern method, circular bioeconomy
- MeSH terms
- Cellulose, Zea mays, Thermogravimetry, Wood, X-Ray Diffraction, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Biomass, Nanostructures, Nanoparticles, Nanofibers
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