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Cited by 314Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsIndigenous Health and EducationCardiovascular Health and Risk Factors

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Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Indian urban population

Gupta, Rajeev, Deedwania, Prakash C., Gupta, Arvind, Rastogi, Shweta, Panwar, Raja B., Kothari, Kunal·2004·International Journal of Cardiology
DOI 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.11.003
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Abstract

Objectives To determine prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using United States Adult Treatment Panel-3 (ATP-3) guidelines in an urban Indian population. Methods Randomly selected adults >20 years were studied using stratified sampling. Target study sample was 1800 with population proportionate distribution (men 960, women 840). Evaluation of anthropometric variables, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipids was performed. Subjects (1123; response 62.4%) were examined, fasting blood samples were available in 1091 (532 men, 559 women) and analysed for prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis risk factors were determined using the current guidelines. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed when any three of the following were present: central obesity, raised triglycerides >/=150 mg/dl (>/=1.7 mmol/l), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure >/=130/>/=85 mm Hg, and diabetes or fasting glucose >110 mg/dl (>6.1 mmol/l). Intergroup comparisons were performed using t-test or chi-square test. Results Metabolic syndrome was present in 345 (31.6%) subjects; prevalence was 122 (22.9%) in men and 223 (39.9%) in women (p<0.001); the age-adjusted prevalence was 24.9%, 18.4% in men and 30.9% in women. There was a significant age-related increase in its prevalence (Mantel-Haenzel chi(2) for trend p<0.05). Prevalence of components of metabolic syndrome in men and women was: central obesity (waist, men >102 cm, women >88 cm) in 116 (25.6%) and 246 (44.0%); low HDL cholesterol (men<40 mg/dl, <1.0 mmol/l), women<50 mg/dl, <1.3 mmol/l) in 292 (54.9%) and 504 (90.2%); high triglycerides >/=150 mg/dl (>/=1.7 mmol/l) in 172 (32.3%) and 160 (28.6%); and impaired fasting glucose or diabetes in 90 (16.9%) and 90 (16.1%). The prevalence of physical inactivity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia (>/=200 mg/dl, >/=5.2 mmol/l) and high LDL cholesterol (>/=130 mg/dl, >/=3.4 mmol/l) was greater in the metabolic syndrome group in both men and women (p<0.05). Conclusions There is a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban Indian population. Focus of cardiovascular prevention should be at this high-risk group.

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  • Today, the prevalence of visceral obesity associated with metabolic syndrome is two to ten times higher in women in many countries around the world.

    “Today, the prevalence of visceral obesity associated with metabolic syndrome is two to ten times higher in women in many countries around the world [49–51].”

    From Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity (2015) · cites this paper as [51]

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Metadata

Authors
Gupta, R., Deedwania, P. C., Gupta, A., Rastogi, S., Panwar, R. B., & Kothari, K.
Affiliations
  • Monilek Hospital and Research Center (IN)
  • San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
  • SMS Medical College (IN)
Corresponding author
Gupta, Arvind
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Cardiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2004-11
Volume
97
Issue
2
Pages
257-261
ISSN
0167-5273 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.11.003
OpenAlex
W2024144186
Cited by
314
References
24
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
FWCI
9.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • International Journal of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Indigenous Health and Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Keywords
metabolic syndrome, prevalence, urban population, Indian adults, sex differences, abdominal obesity, low HDL cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, impaired fasting glucose, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis risk factors, age-related increase, NCEP ATP III criteria, anthropometry, blood pressure, lipids, urbanization, lifestyle risk factors, urban-rural comparison
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, India, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Urban Health, Hypertriglyceridemia, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Metabolic Syndrome

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