Is anemia a new cardiovascular risk factor?
Abstract
Anemia is frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease and is often characterized as the fifth cardiovascular risk factor. It is considered to develop due to a complex interaction of iron deficiency, cytokine production and impaired renal function, although other factors, such as blood loss, may also contribute. Unfortunately, treatment of anemia in cardiovascular disease lacks clear targets and specific therapy is not defined. Treatment with erythropoietin-stimulating agents in combination with iron is the basic strategy but clear guidelines are not currently available. This review aims to clarify poorly investigated and defined issues concerning the relation of anemia and cardiovascular risk--in particular in patients with acute coronary syndromes and chronic heart failure--as well as the current therapeutic strategies in these clinical conditions.
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A pre-existing heart failure may be aggravated due to chronic anemia.
“In addition, a pre-existing heart failure may be aggravated due to chronic anemia (7, 93).”
From Red Blood Cell Function and Dysfunction: Redox Regulation, Nitric Oxide Metabolism, Anemia (2017) · cites this paper as [93]
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Red Blood Cell Function and Dysfunction: Redox Regulation, Nitric Oxide Metabolism, Anemia
Kuhn, V., Diederich, L., Keller, T. C. S., Kramer, C. M., Lückstädt, W., Panknin, C., Suvorava, T., Isakson, B. E., Kelm, M., & Cortese-Krott, M. M. (2017) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2016.6954 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kaiafa, G., Kanellos, I., Savopoulos, C., Kakaletsis, N., Giannakoulas, G., & Hatzitolios, A. I.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 186
- Pages
- 117-124
- ISSN
- 0167-5273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029296495
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
- Keywords
- anemia, cardiovascular risk factors, iron deficiency, cytokines, renal dysfunction, acute coronary syndrome, chronic heart failure, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, iron supplementation, anemia treatment
- MeSH terms
- Anemia, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Risk Factors
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