Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers and the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Animal studies suggested that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) facilitate the inoculation of potentially leading to a higher risk of infection and/or disease severity. We aimed to systematically evaluate the risk of COVID-19 infection and the risk of severe COVID-19 disease associated with previous exposure to (ACEi) and/or ARB). MEDLINE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection were searched in June 2020 for controlled studies. Eligible studies were included and random-effects meta-analyses were performed. The estimates were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 test. The confidence in the pooled evidence was appraised using the GRADE framework. Twenty-seven studies were included in the review. ACEi/ARB exposure did not increase the risk of having a positive test for COVID-19 infection (OR 0.99, 95%CI 0.89–1.11; I2 = 36%; 5 studies, GRADE confidence moderate). The exposure to ACEi/ARB did not increase the risk of all-cause mortality among patients with COVID-19 (OR 0.91, 95%CI 0.74–1.11; I2 = 20%; 17 studies; GRADE confidence low) nor severe/critical COVID-19 disease (OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.74–1.11; I2 = 55%; 17 studies; GRADE confidence very low). Exploratory analyses in studies enrolling hypertensive patients showed a association of ACEi/ARB with a significant decrease of mortality risk. ACEi/ARB exposure does not seem to increase the risk of having the SARS-CoV-2 infection or developing severe stages of the disease including mortality. The potential benefits observed in mortality of hypertensive patients reassure safety, but robust studies are required to increase the confidence in the results.
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AngII-AT1R axis inhibitors may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients to decrease serum IL-6 levels.
“Consistent with animal models, it was reported that AngII–AT1R axis inhibitors may be beneficial for COVID-19 patients (360–363) to decrease serum IL-6 levels (360).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [363]
The Results > Sub-analyses and Discussion report an exploratory association between ACE inhibitor or ARB use and lower mortality in COVID-19 patients with hypertension, while cautioning that the evidence cannot establish a definite benefit. The paper does not report that these drugs decrease serum IL-6 levels; a search for serum IL-6 found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Vehbi, S., Yıldız, A. B., & Kanbay, M. (2022) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfac122
Kurdi, A. B., Weir, N., & Mueller, T. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.03.20.22272664
- Authors
- Caldeira, D., Alves, M., Gouveia e Melo, R., Silvério António, P., Cunha, N., Nunes-Ferreira, A., Prada, L., Costa, J., & Pinto, F. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Centro Cardiovascular da Universidade de Lisboa (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Caldeira, Daniel
- Venue
- IJC Heart & Vasculature
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 31
- Pages
- 100627
- ISSN
- 2352-9067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7451091
- OpenAlex
- W3081277611
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 0.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IJC Heart & Vasculature (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
- Keywords
- ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 severity, all-cause mortality, hypertension, drug safety, renin-angiotensin system
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