The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 57 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles
Open accessAbstract
Cloud transients cause rapid fluctuations in the output of photovoltaic (PV) systems, which can significantly affect the voltage levels in a low-voltage (LV) grid with high penetration of PV systems. These voltage fluctuations may lead to violation of the existing power quality standards. This study estimates the impact of rapid PV output fluctuations on the power quality in an existing LV grid by performing load flow analyses for scenarios in the years 2017, 2030 and 2050 using PV data with 20-second resolution. In this study, we propose a system for the mitigation of PV output fluctuations by altering the charging processes of electric vehicles (EVs) and we assess the effectiveness of the proposed system. Results indicate that PV output fluctuations have minor impact on the voltage levels in the year 2030, but PV output fluctuations induce considerable voltage fluctuations in the year 2050. The magnitude of the voltage fluctuations is dependent on the location in the grid, the installed PV capacity and the grid configuration. These voltage fluctuations can induce visible and annoying light flicker for a significant part of the day in the year 2050. Implementing the proposed system shows that EV technology can contribute in reducing the amount of visible and annoying light flicker considerably, however at the expense of increased charging costs for EV owners.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study uses 20-second PV generation data and load-flow analysis of an existing Utrecht low-voltage grid to estimate voltage fluctuations and flicker in 2017, 2030, and 2050, and tests EV smart charging/V2G to mitigate them. It finds minor impact until 2030 but considerable flicker risk in 2050, which EV charging can reduce at increased charging cost.
Key findings
- PV output fluctuations have minor impact on voltage levels in 2030, but induce considerable voltage fluctuations in 2050; impact is highest at the end of feeder lines, minor near the transformer, and depends on installed PV capacity and grid configuration.
- In 2050 on a summer day with high PV fluctuations, visible light flicker (>1.6 V/20 s) occurs up to 12.8% of the time between 9:00 and 17:00 and annoying flicker (>3.6 V/20 s) up to 2.1% at the end of a feeder line with high installed PV capacity; 2017 values are 0.0% for both, and 2030 summer high-fluctuation values are 1.4% visible and 0.0% annoying.
- EV mitigation reduces visible and annoying flicker for all tested maximum allowable residual load ramp rates; least flicker occurs with a maximum allowable ramp rate between 20 and 25 kW/20 s. In 2050, EVs can mitigate residual load fluctuations to 1 kW/20 s in all model runs, but in some 2030 runs only to 89 kW/20 s without V2G and 64 kW/20 s with V2G due to low numbers of connected EVs.
- Higher installed PV capacity increases flicker: at 440 kWp base, 12.8% visible and 2.1% annoying; at 886 kWp, 21.8% visible and 12.1% annoying. Increased charging costs are higher on days with high PV output fluctuations and for scenarios with V2G.
Methods
- Case study of an existing LV grid in the Lombok district, Utrecht, the Netherlands, serving 340 grid connections with 19 feeder lines; scenarios for 2017, 2030, and 2050, including summer/winter days with high and low PV output fluctuations.
- Inputs include 20-second PV generation profiles from the Dutch Solar Forecasting and Smart Grids project, EV charging transactions from the Smart Solar Charging database and a probabilistic model, and residential/heat pump load based on measured consumption, standardized profiles, and projections.
- EV charging is formulated as a linear programming optimization solved with Gurobi/Python at 20-second time steps using Dutch aFRR prices; V2G roundtrip efficiency is 73% and V2G use is limited to 20% of battery capacity. Voltage levels are determined by load-flow analyses in DIgSILENT PowerFactory using the Newton-Raphson method; mitigation scenarios use eleven model runs per scenario.
Limitations
- Stated: load-flow assumptions include a constant MV voltage, balanced three-phase load flow, and flicker thresholds based on incandescent light bulbs; the EV charging model assumes perfect foresight and full EV availability, and implementation requires short-timescale data exchange that current regulations may not permit for continuous smart-meter data collection.
- Stated: the study reports voltage levels on a 20-second timescale, while flicker standards require measurements at a very short timescale (<1 s), so it cannot confirm EN-50160 violation; additional flicker standards or a very-short voltage variation index are suggested.
- Evident: the paper does not directly compare EV mitigation with alternatives such as grid reinforcement, battery systems, or capacitors, and it states that further studies are required to determine the best mitigation technology.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Sources not found · 23 Own result · 20 Own interpretation · 16 No basis given · 2 Own method
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The magnitude of the voltage fluctuations is dependent on the location in the grid, the installed PV capacity and the grid configuration.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The figures show an increasing level of variability in voltage levels between 2017 and 2050 at all locations in the grid.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.1. No EV PV fluctuation mitigation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however at the expense of increased charging costs for EV owners.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All EV charging strategies are based on smart charging, in which aggregators try to minimize the charging costs of EV owners.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In all scenarios, the aggregator aims to minimize the total charging costs of all charging transactions in the assessment timeframe.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PV output fluctuations induce considerable voltage fluctuations in the year 2050.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Implementing the proposed system shows that EV technology can contribute in reducing the amount of visible and annoying light flicker considerably”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All EV charging strategies are based on smart charging, in which aggregators try to minimize the charging costs of EV owners.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In all scenarios, the aggregator aims to minimize the total charging costs of all charging transactions in the assessment timeframe.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These voltage fluctuations can induce visible and annoying light flicker for a significant part of the day in the year 2050.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > Abstract
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PV output fluctuations have minor impact on the voltage levels in the year 2030”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The occurrence of light flicker in 2050 depends on the location and the level of PV output fluctuations.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.1. No EV PV fluctuation mitigation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scenarios with V2G-functions have a higher increase in charging costs”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.2. Effect of PV fluctuation mitigation by EVs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The used EV charging model assumed perfect foresight; PV generation profile for whole simulation period is already known.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The number of local passenger cars remains constant, using the car possession rate in [80].
- The authors state this as an assumption: All passenger cars in 2050 will be BEVs, based on the Dutch governmental target to have a 100% zero-emission car fleet by 2050 [81].
- The authors state this as an assumption: The EV fleet (BEV + PHEV) will increase linearly between 2017 and 2050.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The ratio PHEV/BEV will decrease linearly from the ratio in 2017 to a ratio of 0 by 2050.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The share of the total number of local EVs performing a charging transaction in the investigated grid in a week remains constant over time for each type of EV.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The growth rate of the number of visiting BEVs and PHEVs per week is assumed to be the same as the growth rate of local BEVs and local PHEVs respectively.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 3 shows that these voltage fluctuations also result in low flicker values at these locations.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.1. No EV PV fluctuation mitigation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fluctuations in PV generation are a major contributor to these voltage fluctuations; comparing Fig. 2a and b shows that voltage fluctuations and PV output fluctuations follow almost identical patterns and Fig. 3 shows a high correlation between PV and voltage fluctuations.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.1. No EV PV fluctuation mitigation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The simulation results indicate that all tested maximum allowable residual load ramp rates lead to lower visible and annoying light flicker at almost all locations, but do not fully eliminate voltage fluctuations and light flicker.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The used EV charging model assumed perfect foresight; PV generation profile for whole simulation period is already known.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The number of local passenger cars remains constant, using the car possession rate in [80].
- The authors state this as an assumption: All passenger cars in 2050 will be BEVs, based on the Dutch governmental target to have a 100% zero-emission car fleet by 2050 [81].
- The authors state this as an assumption: The EV fleet (BEV + PHEV) will increase linearly between 2017 and 2050.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The ratio PHEV/BEV will decrease linearly from the ratio in 2017 to a ratio of 0 by 2050.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The share of the total number of local EVs performing a charging transaction in the investigated grid in a week remains constant over time for each type of EV.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The growth rate of the number of visiting BEVs and PHEVs per week is assumed to be the same as the growth rate of local BEVs and local PHEVs respectively.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, at the end of feeder lines, visible light flicker can occur up to 12.8% of the time between 9:00 and 17:00, and annoying light flicker up to 2.1% of the time.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.1. No EV PV fluctuation mitigation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impact of large PV output fluctuations is highest at the end of feeder lines, whereas the impact is minor close to the transformer.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A balanced load flow model was used, assuming perfect distribution of loads and PV systems among all three phases.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From Table 6 it can be concluded that the grid configuration is an important determinant for light flicker; the number of light flicker occurrences increases considerably with a weak grid and decreases with a strong grid.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.3. Sensitivity analyses
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A balanced load flow model was used, assuming perfect distribution of loads and PV systems among all three phases.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other major determinants are the total installed PV capacity in the grid and the grid strength.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A balanced load flow model was used, assuming perfect distribution of loads and PV systems among all three phases.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fig.2also indicates that the installed PV capacity on a feeder line has minor impact on voltage fluctuations; the voltage fluctuations at the end of the feeder line with a high installed PV capacity are similar to the voltage fluctuations at the feeder line with an average installed PV capacity.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A balanced load flow model was used, assuming perfect distribution of loads and PV systems among all three phases.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both figures indicate that the level of voltage fluctuations differs between locations in the grid, with the highest voltage fluctuations at the end of feeder lines and the lowest voltage fluctuations next to the transformer.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A balanced load flow model was used, assuming perfect distribution of loads and PV systems among all three phases.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The simulation outcome showed that PV output fluctuations can cause voltage fluctuations in the LV grid, which can result in visible and annoying light flicker for a considerable part of the day.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A balanced load flow model was used, assuming perfect distribution of loads and PV systems among all three phases.
In the paper
“an empirical analysis of a 1.41 MW PV plant in Florida reported a low correlation between PV power output and measured flicker values [11]”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“induce flicker values that cause violation of power quality standards, but that a combination of fluctuating PV power output with continuously connecting and disconnecting loads could result in power quality problems [13].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Stewart et al. [12] concluded based on Hawaiian solar irradiance data that PV generation does not cause violation of the light flicker standards.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“References [31][32][33] propose systems in which the EV charging station for one EV or an EV parking lot is placed behind the PV inverter to capture fluctuations in PV generation.These systems do not provide a system-wide solution; one set of EVs can only stabilize the output of one PV inverter.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“If the DSO can use part of the battery capacity for grid services through aggregators which combine a pool of EVs [30], this will reduce the required investments by the DSO and will limit the societal costs.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“advanced Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms in combination with DC-DC converters in PV inverters can reduce the voltage drop in case a PV system is partially shaded [20][21][22].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A system in which EVs adapt their charging power to compensate for the lower PV power injected during a cloud transient is proposed by Aly et al. [34].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“a study using a measurement setup for 69 PV modules concluded that fluctuations in PV generation can lead to considerable light flicker values, depending on the metric used to measure flicker values [10].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The work by Cheng et al. [38] proposes an extensive mitigation strategy for rapid voltage fluctuations by using EVs, based on detailed solar forecasts and alterations of the OLTC tap positions.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“PV power output fluctuations can also be mitigated through reactive power control in PV inverters [13,18], but this can have adverse effects on the inverter lifetime [19].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The main power quality problems associated with rapid PV output fluctuations are voltage fluctuations and light flicker, which is induced by voltage fluctuations [4].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Foster et al. [15] determine the increase in charging costs for EV owners in a small 4-bus system, based on a charging algorithm in which EV charging costs are minimized while mitigating rapid PV output fluctuations by EVs.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“On-load tap changers (OLTCs) at transformer stations can be used for voltage control in the LV grid, but have limited effect at the end of feeder lines and cannot mitigate rapid voltage fluctuations [14,15].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Dump loads [16] and diesel generators in combination with battery systems [17] are undesirable for PV fluctuation mitigation, since dump loads result in dissipation of renewable energy and diesel generators have negative environmental impacts.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to other proposed systems using EVs, this system mitigates PV output fluctuations in the whole LV grid and does not require OLTCs or stationary battery systems for the mitigation of PV output fluctuations.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All EV charging strategies are based on smart charging, in which aggregators try to minimize the charging costs of EV owners.
In the paper
“A combined system of an EV and a stationary battery system to mitigate fluctuation problems is proposed by Eldeeb et al. [37].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [37]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A Malaysian case study demonstrated a positive relationship between the installed PV capacity and flicker values, and reported flicker values induced by PV power output fluctuations that violate the local flicker limits [9].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Voltage fluctuations and flicker can cause damage to electrical appliances connected to the grid [5] and light flicker can cause annoyance and health problems to people exposed to it [6,7].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Multiple studies have proposed the utilization of energy storage systems for fluctuation mitigations, including battery systems [16,[23][24][25][26][27] and capacitors [28,29].However, the capacity of capacitors is limited, while battery systems have relatively high investment costs.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16,[23][24][25][26][27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Garcia-Villalobos et al. [35] and Ali et al. [36] propose multi-objective EV charging algorithms, with minimization of voltage fluctuations as one of the objectives.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [36]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure: 3 can be explained by EVs charging simultaneously, triggered by a low electricity price.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This erratic charging behavior of EVs can cause local voltage fluctuations, as EVs alter their charging behavior based on the residual load fluctuations in the whole LV grid, and not on the residual load fluctuations of the specific feeder line.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.2. Effect of PV fluctuation mitigation by EVs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Residential load, heat pump load and PV generation are inflexible.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The low voltage fluctuations next to the transformer can be explained by two factors: (i) the transformer is located quite far from most PV systems, causing that most PV output fluctuations have been absorbed by previous cables before reaching the transformer; (ii) the transformer connects different feeder lines, causing voltage fluctuations to be absorbed by other feeder lines.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“standards are violated, as this requires measurements at a very short timescale (<1s) [6], while this study reports the voltage levels on a 20-second timescale.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.2. Effect of PV fluctuation mitigation by EVs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Similarly, EVs are currently also considered for the provision of other grid services, including the provision of balancing services [72,73] and peak shaving services [74,75].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.2. Methodological and practical considerations for the EV charging model
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [72]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [73]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [74]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [75]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an EV with V2G-functions that is forced to charge to mitigate PV output fluctuations at a moment with high electricity prices not only increases its charging costs, but also loses the opportunity to generate revenue by injecting electricity to the grid.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.2. Effect of PV fluctuation mitigation by EVs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The used EV charging model assumed perfect foresight; PV generation profile for whole simulation period is already known.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The number of local passenger cars remains constant, using the car possession rate in [80].
- The authors state this as an assumption: All passenger cars in 2050 will be BEVs, based on the Dutch governmental target to have a 100% zero-emission car fleet by 2050 [81].
- The authors state this as an assumption: The EV fleet (BEV + PHEV) will increase linearly between 2017 and 2050.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The ratio PHEV/BEV will decrease linearly from the ratio in 2017 to a ratio of 0 by 2050.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The share of the total number of local EVs performing a charging transaction in the investigated grid in a week remains constant over time for each type of EV.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The growth rate of the number of visiting BEVs and PHEVs per week is assumed to be the same as the growth rate of local BEVs and local PHEVs respectively.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A potential consequence of the reported voltage fluctuations is light flicker, which depends on the frequency and the value of voltage fluctuations.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With the studied time resolution of 20 s, voltage fluctuations of at least 0.7% of the nominal voltage (1.6 V/20 s) result in visible light flicker, and voltage fluctuations of at least 1.6% of the nominal voltage (3.6 V/20 s) result in annoying light flicker[6].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A perfect load distribution among the three phases is unrealistic, thus the simulated voltage fluctuations could in practice be higher for one or multiple phases.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.1. Methodological considerations for the load flow analysis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A balanced load flow model was used, assuming perfect distribution of loads and PV systems among all three phases.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Investments in data communication and data processing infrastructure are a prerequisite for implementation of the proposed system.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.2. Methodological and practical considerations for the EV charging model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Sharma et al. [71] indicated that non-dimmable LEDs are more sensitive to light flicker than incandescent light bulbs, whereas dimmable LEDs exhibit less flicker sensitivity.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.1. Methodological considerations for the load flow analysis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sharma et al. [71]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A load flow analysis is a widely-used simulation method (e.g., [40,41,70]) within the field of power system analysis to determine power flows, cable and transformer loadings and voltage levels in electricity grids.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 3.4. Model simulations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [70]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Due to the ban of sales of incandescent light bulbs in the EU 6 , no incandescent light bulbs will be in use in 2050.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.1. Methodological considerations for the load flow analysis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites EU 6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As voltage fluctuations in the MV grid induce voltage fluctuations in the LV grid, the reported flicker values could be higher in practice.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.1. Methodological considerations for the load flow analysis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, different studies indicated that PV output fluctuations will not lead to violation of EN-50160 flicker standards [11][12][13].”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.3. Discussion of results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the proposed system architecture, DSOs need access to real-time smart meter data.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.2. Methodological and practical considerations for the EV charging model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If such models are not available in 2050, the ramp rate mitigation potential will decrease and the increase in charging costs when EVs provide grid support services will be higher.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.2. Methodological and practical considerations for the EV charging model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The used EV charging model assumed perfect foresight; PV generation profile for whole simulation period is already known.
In the paper
“Gerritsma et al.[54] describe the method used for determining whether an EV is a local or visiting EV.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gerritsma et al. [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of this study were based on different assumptions, including a constant MV level, full-availability of EVs for the mitigation of PV-fluctuations, perfect foresight in PV-generation and flicker threshold values based on incandescent lights.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The used EV charging model assumed perfect foresight; PV generation profile for whole simulation period is already known.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, rapid developments in autonomous vehicles or hydrogen vehicles would reduce the number of EV charging transactions in the LV grid and rapid developments in car sharing would reduce the average connection time of EVs, resulting in a lower mitigation potential of rapid PV output fluctuations by EVs and higher costs for the mitigation of flicker through EVs.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.2. Methodological and practical considerations for the EV charging model
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crucial to successful implementation of the proposed system architecture is data exchange on a short time scale between components in the grids, aggregators and DSOs.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.2. Methodological and practical considerations for the EV charging model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
All EV charging strategies are based on smart charging, in which aggregators try to minimize the charging costs of EV owners.
“This study assumes that all EV charging strategies are based on smart charging, in which aggregators try to minimize the charging costs of EV owners.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Residential load, heat pump load and PV generation are inflexible.
“As the residential load, heat pump load and PV generation are assumed to be inflexible, this constraint can only be met by alterations in EV charging behavior.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Perfect balance between all three phases is assumed.
“Perfect balance between all three phases is assumed, as (i) this saves computational time and (ii) there is high uncertainty about to which phase future PV systems and EV charging stations will be connected.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In all scenarios, the aggregator aims to minimize the total charging costs of all charging transactions in the assessment timeframe.
“In all scenarios, the aggregator aims to minimize the total charging costs of all charging transactions n N in the assessment timeframe:”
The paper relies on this without support.
PV output fluctuations are higher in summer than in winter.
“Although PV output fluctuations are higher in summer than in winter”
The paper relies on this without support.
The grid strength varies between different residential areas in the Netherlands.
“The grid strength varies between different residential areas in the Netherlands.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid.
“This study assumed a constant voltage level in the MV grid, while the MV voltage levels fluctuate considerably in practice.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
A balanced load flow model was used, assuming perfect distribution of loads and PV systems among all three phases.
“Additionally, a balanced load flow model was used in the load flow simulations, assuming perfect distribution of loads and PV systems among all three phases.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The used EV charging model assumed perfect foresight; PV generation profile for whole simulation period is already known.
“The used EV charging model assumed perfect foresight; when optimizing the model, the PV generation profile for the whole simulation period is already known to the model.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cloud transients take a few seconds, while flicker standards values are for a large extent based on voltage fluctuations with a shorter duration.
“Cloud transients take a few seconds, while the flicker standards values are for a large extent based on voltage fluctuations with a shorter duration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cloud transients can cause rapid fluctuations in the output of PV systems, which may affect the power quality in LV grids.
“Cloud transients can cause rapid fluctuations in the output of PV systems, which may affect the power quality in LV grids.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The number of local passenger cars remains constant, using the car possession rate in [80].
“The number of local passenger cars remains constant, using the car possession rate in [80].”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All passenger cars in 2050 will be BEVs, based on the Dutch governmental target to have a 100% zero-emission car fleet by 2050 [81].
“All passenger cars in 2050 will be BEVs, based on the Dutch governmental target to have a 100% zero-emission car fleet by 2050 [81].”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The EV fleet (BEV + PHEV) will increase linearly between 2017 and 2050.
“The EV fleet (BEV + PHEV) will increase linearly between 2017 and 2050.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The ratio PHEV/BEV will decrease linearly from the ratio in 2017 to a ratio of 0 by 2050.
“The ratio PHEV/BEV will decrease linearly from the ratio in 2017 to a ratio of 0 by 2050.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The share of the total number of local EVs performing a charging transaction in the investigated grid in a week remains constant over time for each type of EV.
“The share of the total number of local EVs performing a charging transaction in the investigated grid in a week remains constant over time for each type of EV.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The growth rate of the number of visiting BEVs and PHEVs per week is assumed to be the same as the growth rate of local BEVs and local PHEVs respectively.
“The growth rate of the number of visiting BEVs and PHEVs per week is assumed to be the same as the growth rate of local BEVs and local PHEVs respectively.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 4.3. Sensitivity analyses
“the number of light flicker occurrences increases considerably with a weak grid and decreases with a strong grid.”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.1. Methodological considerations for the load flow analysis
“Weak grid configuration 12.8% 2.1% Original grid configuration 17.4% 7.8% Strong grid configuration 7.5% 0.2%”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
“annoying light flicker (>1.6 V/20s)”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
“| Max. allowable ramp rate | >1.6 V/ | >3.6 V/ | >1.6 V/ | >3.6 V/20s |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 5.1. Methodological considerations for the load flow analysis
“Original grid configuration 17.4% 7.8%”
§ Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the low-voltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles > 6. Conclusion
“| 440 kWp (base) | 12.8% | 2.1% |”
Citations
Cites
The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid
Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., & Driesen, J. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2036481 · Cited by 2,847
Mitigating methods of power fluctuation of photovoltaic (PV) sources – A review
Shivashankar, S., Mekhilef, S., Mokhlis, H., et al. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.059 · Cited by 425 · cited 1×
“The main power quality problems associated with rapid PV output fluctuations are voltage fluctuations and light flicker, which is induced by voltage fluctuations [4].”
BackgroundOmran, W. A., Kazerani, M., & Salama, M. M. A. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/tec.2010.2062515 · Cited by 397 · cited 2×
“Different studies have looked at the costs and mitigation potential of different technologies [16,17,26], but as these studies looked at incomparable systems with different pricing mechanisms, further studies are required to determine the best mitigation technology.”
BackgroundAlam, M. J. E., Muttaqi, K. M., & Sutanto, D. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/tec.2014.2304951 · Cited by 335
LED lighting flicker and potential health concerns: IEEE standard PAR1789 update
Wilkins, A. J., Veitch, J. A., & Lehman, B. (2010) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2010.5618050 · Cited by 327 · cited 1×
“Voltage fluctuations and flicker can cause damage to electrical appliances connected to the grid [5] and light flicker can cause annoyance and health problems to people exposed to it [6,7].”
BackgroundPower Smoothing of Large Solar PV Plant Using Hybrid Energy Storage
Wang, G., Ciobotaru, M., & Agelidis, V. G. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1109/tste.2014.2305433 · Cited by 299
Optimal Charging of Electric Vehicles Taking Distribution Network Constraints Into Account
de Hoog, J., Alpcan, T., Brazil, M., Thomas, D. A., & Mareels, I. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2318293 · Cited by 241 · cited 2×
“, [40,41,70]) within the field of power system analysis to determine power flows, cable and transformer loadings and voltage levels in electricity grids.”
BackgroundMethodTraube, J., Lu, F., Maksimović, D., Mossoba, J. T., Kromer, M. A., Faill, P., Katz, S., Borowy, B. S., Nichols, S., & Casey, L. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2012.2217354 · Cited by 216
Marcos, J., Marroyo, L., Lorenzo, E., et al. (2010) · Progress in Photovoltaics Research and Applications · doi:10.1002/pip.1016 · Cited by 215 · cited 1×
“Cloud transients also result in considerable PV output fluctuations on a shorter time-scale; PV output fluctuations of 80% of the installed PV capacity per 2 seconds have been observed in Spain [3].”
BackgroundCheng, L., Chang, Y., & Huang, R. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1109/tste.2015.2444390 · Cited by 197 · cited 1×
“[38] proposes an extensive mitigation strategy for rapid voltage fluctuations by using EVs, based on detailed solar forecasts and alterations of the OLTC tap positions.”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- IEEE Power and Energy Society, IEEE 1453 – IEEE Recommended Practice for the Analysis of Fluctuating Installations on Power Systems, vol. 2015. 2015.
- van Melle, 2014, Waarde van slimme netten - Welke waarde creëren slimme oplossingen in het distributienetwerk?, Ecofys
- Bletterie, 2007, Impact of Photovoltaic generation on voltage variations-how stochastic is PV, CIRED 19th Int Conf Electr, 0513, 21
- J. Quirós-Tortós, L. Ochoa, and T. Butler, “How Electric Vehicles and the Grid Work Together,” IEEE Power Energy Mag., no. October 2018, 2018.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Review of Positive and Negative Impacts of Electric Vehicles Charging on Electric Power Systems
Nour, M., Ávila, J. P. C., Magdy, G., & Miralles, Á. S. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13184675 · Cited by 309
“For instance, reference [148] assessed the impacts of rapid variation of PV output on voltage fluctuation at low voltage distribution network for three scenarios.”
BackgroundBrinkel, N., Schram, W., AlSkaif, T. A., Lampropoulos, I., & van Sark, W. G. J. H. M. (2020) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115285 · Cited by 204
Self-citationA novel fast-charging stations locational planning model for electric bus transit system
Wu, X., Feng, Q., Bai, C., Lai, C. S., Jia, Y., & Lai, L. L. (2021) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.120106 · Cited by 136
Impact of electric vehicle charging demand on power distribution grid congestion
Li, Y., & Jenn, A. T. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2317599121 · Cited by 119
Das, S. R., Ray, P. K., Sahoo, A. K., et al. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14154589 · Cited by 88
Metadata
- Authors
- Brinkel, N. B. G., Gerritsma, M. K., AlSkaif, T. A., Lampropoulos, I., van Voorden, A. M., Fidder, H. A., & van Sark, W. G. J. H. M.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Brinkel, N.B.G.
- Venue
- International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 118
- Pages
- 105741
- ISSN
- 0142-0615 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2997806641
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 21
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- European Regional Development Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power Quality and Harmonics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Keywords
- photovoltaic output fluctuation, cloud transients, low-voltage distribution networks, power quality, voltage fluctuation, electric vehicle charging, light flicker, EV charging cost, photovoltaic penetration, power flow analysis, grid configuration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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