The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid
Open accessAbstract
Alternative vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, are becoming more popular. The batteries of these plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are to be charged at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park. These extra electrical loads have an impact on the distribution grid which is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations. Without coordination of the charging, the vehicles are charged instantaneously when they are plugged in or after a fixed start delay. This uncoordinated power consumption on a local scale can lead to grid problems. Therefore, coordinated charging is proposed to minimize the power losses and to maximize the main grid load factor. The optimal charging profile of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is computed by minimizing the power losses. As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced. Two main techniques are analyzed: quadratic and dynamic programming.
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Unmanaged EV charging leads to a 30% increase in peak demand, which further burdens transformers and feeder lines.
“As shown in Fig. 5, unmanaged EV charging leads to a 30% increase in peak demand, which further burdens transformers and feeder lines [17].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Section VI (page not available) supports the claim that uncoordinated PHEV charging increases grid loads and can require transformer and feeder upgrades. It does not report a 30% increase in peak demand: 30% is the modeled PHEV penetration, under which the stated maximum load rises from 69 to 108 kVA—about 57%. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe sudden pulse-like and high charging load of charging stations strains the distribution grid because of random and relatively high EV charging power.
“However, due to the random and relatively high EV charging power [2], the sudden pulse-like and high charging load of the charging stations strains the distribution grid [3].”
From Distributed Coordination of Charging Stations Considering Aggregate EV Power Flexibility (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
Section VI, “Impact on the Distribution Grid” (page unavailable), says uncoordinated PHEV charging increases loads and voltage drops and affects grid performance. But “Charging Periods” (page unavailable) focuses on charging at home on residential grids; the copy does not establish a sudden, pulse-like load from charging stations. The separate statement about random and relatively high EV charging power is attached to [2], not this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAs the electrification of the transport sector is expected to be intensified in the future, significant challenges to the integration of large EV fleets may occur.
“however, as the electri fi cation of the transport sector is expected to be intensi fi ed in the future, signi fi cant challenges to the integration of large EV fl eets may occur [74,75].”
From An overview of Demand Response: Key-elements and international experience (2017) · cites this paper as [75]
The distribution of EVs in residential areas is increasing localized overloading.
“It is observed that the distribution of EVs in the residential area is increasing the localized overloading [17].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
Uncontrolled charging of EV load has the potential to severely affect the normal operation of the grid.
“It is evident from the literature [59][60][61][62] that the uncontrolled charging of EV load has the potential to severely affect the normal operation of the grid.”
From Voltage Regulation in Rooftop PV-Rich Distribution Networks: A Review and Detailed Case Study (2026) · cites this paper as [60]
Connecting DERs like rooftop solar in low-voltage networks can cause local voltage to rise and reverse power flows, especially in rural networks with long feeder lengths and limited monitoring infrastructure.
“Moreover, it is demonstrated that connecting DERs like rooftop solar in low-voltage networks can cause local voltage to rise and reverse power flows, especially in rural networks which are characterized by long feeder lengths and limited monitoring infrastructure [17].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
The Introduction mentions photovoltaic cells only as background. The Results and Section VI examine voltage drops from PHEV charging, not voltage rise from rooftop solar. Searches for reverse power flow, rural or long feeders, and limited monitoring found no passage addressing those parts of the claim; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., & Driesen, J.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- ORCID
- Driesen, J.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 371-380
- ISSN
- 0885-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0679
- OpenAlex
- W2135797872
- Cited by
- 2,847
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 125 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 210 · 2020: 194 · 2019: 217 · 2018: 205 · 2017: 217 · 2016: 223 · 2015: 226 · 2014: 270 · 2013: 198 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 71.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
- Keywords
- plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, coordinated charging, power losses, voltage deviation, load factor, stochastic programming, quadratic programming, dynamic programming
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