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Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles and simvastatin against toxigenic species of Aspergillus
Abstract
Aspergillus spp. are ubiquitous fungi that grow on stored grains. Some species produce toxins that can harm human and animal health, leading to hepato- and nephrotoxicity, immunosuppression and carcinogenicity. Major fungicides used to prevent fungal growth may be toxic to humans and their repeated use over time increases levels of resistance by microorganisms. Nanotechnology is an emerging field that allows use of antimicrobial compounds in a more efficient manner. In this study, was evaluated the antifungal activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, synthesized by fungi) and simvastatin (SIM, a semi-synthetic drug), alone and in combination against three toxigenic species belonging to the genera Aspergillus section Flavi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nomius and Aspergillus. parasiticus) and two of section Circumdati (Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus melleus). SIM exhibited a MIC 50 of 78 μg/mL against species of Section Flavi and a MIC 50 of 19.5 μg/mL against species of Section Circumdati. The MIC 50 of AgNPs against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nomius and Aspergillus parasiticus was 8 μg/mL, while the MIC 50 was 4 μg/mL against Aspergillus melleus and Aspergillus ochraceus. Checkerboard assay showed that these compounds, used alone and in combination, have synergistic and additive effects against toxicogenic species of Aspergillus. Analysis by SEM gives an idea of the effect of SIM and AgNPs alone and in combination on spore germination and vegetative growth. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that spore germination was prevented, or aberrant hyphae were formed with multilateral branches upon treatment with SIM and AgNPs. These results reveal potential benefits of using combination of AgNPs and SIM to control fungal growth.
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“Similarly, Bocate et al. [121] demonstrated that simvastatin effectively controlled the growth of toxigenic Aspergillus species, reducing biofilm production and indicating potential as an antifungal agent.”
From Statins as Antifungal Agents: A Review on Drug Repurposing and Nanotechnology-Driven Delivery Strategies (2025) · cites this paper as [121]
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Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Prospects in Plant Disease Management
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bocate, K. P., Reis, G. F., de Souza, P. C., Oliveira Junior, A. G., Durán, N., Nakazato, G., Furlaneto, M. C., de Almeida, R. S., & Panagio, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Panagio, Luciano Aparecido
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Food Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 291
- Pages
- 79-86
- ISSN
- 0168-1605 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2901812483
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 16.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Food Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Keywords
- silver nanoparticles, simvastatin, antifungal activity, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nomius, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus melleus, mycotoxigenic fungi, synergistic effect, combination therapy, spore germination inhibition, hyphal ultrastructure, stored grain fungi
- MeSH terms
- Antifungal Agents, Aspergillus, Aspergillus flavus, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Silver, Biofilms, Simvastatin, Metal Nanoparticles
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