Comparison of the Bacteriological Quality of Tap Water and Bottled Mineral Water

Zamberlan da Silva, Marie Eliza; Santana, Rosangela Getirana; Guilhermetti, Marcio; Filho, Ivens Camargo; Endo, Eliana Harue; Ueda-Nakamura, Tânia; Nakamura, Celso Vataru; Dias Filho, Benedito Prado

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.09.004

Cited by 124Fecal contamination and water qualityWater Treatment and DisinfectionFood Safety and Hygiene

Comparison of the Bacteriological Quality of Tap Water and Bottled Mineral Water

Zamberlan da Silva, Marie Eliza, Santana, Rosangela Getirana, Guilhermetti, Marcio, Filho, Ivens Camargo, Endo, Eliana Harue, Ueda-Nakamura, Tânia, Nakamura, Celso Vataru, Dias Filho, Benedito Prado·2008·International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

DOI 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.09.004

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Abstract

The bacteriological quality of tap water from municipal water supplies, 20-L bottles of mineral water from water dispensers and samples collected from new 20-L bottles of mineral water were comparatively studied. Total coliforms, termotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp. and heterotrophic plate count were enumerated. The results showed that 36.4% of the tap water samples from municipal water systems and 76.6% of the 20-L bottles of mineral water from water dispensers were contaminated by at least one coliform or indicator bacterium and/or at least one pathogenic bacterium. The bacteriological quality of municipal tap water is superior when compared with the 20-L bottles of mineral water collected from water dispensers and samples collected from new 20-L bottles of mineral water before installation in the dispensers. This highlights the need for an improved surveillance system for the bottled water industry. For the municipal water systems, it is recommended to perform the Pseudomonas enumeration periodically, in addition to the routine data collected by most systems.

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In a 2008 Brazilian study, 77% of tested 20-L bottles were contaminated with at least one type of coliform or indicator bacterium and/or at least one pathogenic bacterium, compared to 36% of municipal tap water samples.
“Of the tested bottles, 77% were contaminated with at least one type of coliform or indicator bacterium and/or at least one pathogenic bacterium, compared to 36% of municipal tap water samples [71].”
From Bottled Water: An Evidence-Based Overview of Economic Viability, Environmental Impact, and Social Equity (2023) · cites this paper as [71]

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Schalli, M., Platzer, S., Haas, D., & Reinthaler, F. F. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21634 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Among other microbial contaminants in bottled water, prevention of P. aeruginosa growth is of high interest for consumers as well as for producers of bottled water [21,22].”
Background
Bottled water brands are contaminated with multidrug resistant bacteria which are associated with companies handling procedures in Nairobi, Kenya
Mohamed, S. A., Nyerere, A. K., Sang, W., & Ngayo, M. O. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.24031.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Examining Reasons for Bottled Water Consumption: A Case Study in Pensacola, Florida
Foote, M. L. (2011) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Impact of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface properties on Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion in materials used in mineral water wells
Boas, D. M. V., Lima, C. M. G., Margalho, L. P., Neto, D. P. A., Canales, H. D. S., Lemos, W. J. F., Ramos, A. C., Saraiva, G. P., & Sant’Ana, A. S. (2024) · Biofouling · doi:10.1080/08927014.2024.2410771 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…of P. aeruginosa in mineral water containers and its capacity to create biofilms on filling-related surfaces (Costa et al. 2023; Da Silva Luz et al. 2020; Vaz-Moreira, Nunes, and Manaia 2012; Wei et al. 2020; Zamberlan da Silva, Filho, et al. 2008; Zamberlan da Silva, Santana, et al. 2008).”
Evaluación de la calidad microbiológica del agua envasada en bolsas producida en Sincelejo- Colombia
Vidal, J. V., Consuegra-Solórzano, A., Gomescaseres, L., & Marrugo‐Negrete, J. (2009) · Revista Mvz Córdoba · doi:10.21897/rmvz.357 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Differences between Mains and Bottled Water, in an Area in the Central Area of Romania
Ruţă, F. D., Avram, C., & Maior, R. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021115 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“There are studies that draw attention to the possibility that bottled water may contain in certain quantities some substances with a potentially more or less harmful effect on human health: these cannot be classified as unsuitable for consumption [21,22].”
Background
HEALTH, SANITARY AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF HOME-LIKE SYSTEMS OF WATER TREATMENT (REVERSE OSMOSIS, RO) IN QOM CITY
جعفریپور, م., Mohammad, S. A., Abbas, Z. P., & Davoudi, R. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Degradation of Bacterial Water Quality in Drinking Water after Bottling
Shahryari, A., Smith, C. D., & Amini, A. (2020) · The Open Microbiology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874285802014010078 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Comparison of the physicochemical and microbiological quality of different brands of bottled water with well water in Lesotho using principal component analysis
Molefe, K. E., Williams, L., George, M. J., & Mekbib, S. B. (2020) · Water SA · doi:10.17159/wsa/2020.v46.i3.8664 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How sustainable and safe is drinking from refill-and-reuse bottles? An analysis based on life-cycle assessment (LCA) and microbiological quality of water
Summa, D., Costa, S., Tamisari, E., Castaldelli, G., & Tamburini, E. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.123212 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A large sampling study on the occurrence and characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and heterotrophic bacteria in mineral water over seasons and in different containers
Silva, B. S., Furtado, M. M., Freire, L., Lee, S. H. I., Jorge, G. P., Daldosso, G., Silva, C. E., Vieira-Junior, L., Lemos, W. J. F., de Oliveira, C. A. F., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111427 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Microbiological assessment of bottled water brands in the Bulawayo market, Zimbabwe
Lindani, M., Macherera, M., & Ruvimbo, R. A. M. (2014) · African Journal of Microbiology Research · doi:10.5897/ajmr2014.7031 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It is popular public perception that bottled water is safe for consumption because it is free from contaminants and impurities (Venieri et al., 2006; Zamberlan da Silva et al., 2008; Okagbue et al., 2002).”
Effect of Simulated Transport Conditions on Microbiological Properties of Bottled Natural Mineral Water
Tihanyi‐Kovács, R., Ásványi, B., Lakatos, E., Bánáti, F., Varga, L., & Böröcz, P. (2023) · Water · doi:10.3390/w15091757 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A comparative study of microbial contamination between public institutional and private residential bottled water dispensers
Semerjian, L., Ibrahim, M. M., & Alkhateri, B. M. (2020) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-020-8231-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mineral water: a microbiological approach
Falcone-Dias, M. F., Emerick, G. L., & Filho, A. F. (2012) · Water Science & Technology Water Supply · doi:10.2166/ws.2012.028 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The unique chemical and microbiological signatures of an array of bottled drinking water
Nadreen, Y. M., Vrouwenvelder, J. S., Saikaly, P. E., & Gonzalez-Gil, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1441142 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Evaluation of microbiological quality of commercially available bottled drinking water in Colombo district, Sri Lanka
Perera, D. D. N., Herath, A. T., Randika, J. L. P. C., Ruwandeepika, H. A. D., & Jayalal, U. (2023) · Ceylon Journal of Science · doi:10.4038/cjs.v52i2.8159 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“It has been reported that bottled water is not sterile as it may contain various pathogens such as Escherichia coli or other coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Campylobacter , or even Mycobacterium (Bharath et al ., 2003; da Silva et al ., 2008; Herath et al ., 2012; Herath and Abayasekara, 2021).”
Background
The effect of transportation vibration on the microbiological status of bottled mineral water
Tihanyi‐Kovács, R., Böröcz, P., & Ásványi, B. (2022) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.11787 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Are We Paying More to Consume Substandard Drinking Water? Crowd-Sourced Water Education Study in a South-Asian Megacity
Roy, A., Ghosh, S. S., Dan, K., Sai, G., Maity, S., Das, M. S., Gupta, D., Paul, J., Pal, K., Bandhyopadhay, S., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.24018/ejdevelop.2022.2.5.172 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Comparação das técnicas do número mais provável (NMP) e de filtração em membrana na avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de água mineral natural
Brandão, M. L. L., Rosas, C. D. O., Medeiros, V. D. M., Warnken, M. B., Bricio, S. M. L., da Silva, A. M. L., & Azeredo, D. R. P. (2012) · REVISTA DO INSTITUTO ADOLFO LUTZ · doi:10.53393/rial.2012.71.32387 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Potable Water Quality Assessment from Local Restaurants: Study from South Central Coastal District of Bangladesh
Khan, M. S., & Farha, M. (2022) · Journal of Asian Scientific Research · doi:10.55493/5003.v12i4.4679 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The impact of temperature on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mineral waters originated from different wells: A predictive approach
Boas, D. M. V., Margalho, L. P., Canales, H. D. S., da Graça, J. S., Ramos, A. C. H., Saraiva, G. P., Lemos, W. J. F., & Sant’Ana, A. S. (2024) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110969 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Microbiological Studies during the Different Treatments of Drinking Water in Road El-Farag Station
Salem, A. (2019) · Annals of Agricultural Science Moshtohor · doi:10.21608/assjm.2019.44929 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Evaluation of the presence of coliform in bottled drinking water, released in Sari in 2016
Yousefi, Z., Ala, A., & Eslamifar, M. (2018) · Environmental Health Engineering and Management · doi:10.15171/ehem.2018.25 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Also, a study conducted by Zamberlan da Silva et al in Brazil, showed that the microbial quality of urban water is far better than bottled water (6).”
BackgroundResult
Nitrate Contamination of Bottled Water: Description of a Project-based Learning Experience
Gallego, A., González, A. J., Fortunato, M. S., & Korol, S. E. (2020) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education · doi:10.29333/ijese/8337 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Microbial and physico-chemical quality of groundwater in the North-West Province, South Africa
Ferreira, S. L. (2011) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Microbial diversity and ecology of bottled water
Manaia, C. M., & Nunes, O. C. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118823071.ch29 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Daily Use Water Bottles as a Hub for Microbial Population: A Comparative Study of PET vs. Stainless Steel Water Bottles and Outcome of Washing Strategy Intervention
Hariharan, A. V., & Sankar, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_559_23 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Physiochemical and bacteriological quality of tanker vended water supply chain in Lodwar Town, Kenya
Ekwar, P., Kitaka, N. K., & Muia, A. W. (2025) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2025.301 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Microbiological Investigation of Bottled Waters From Different Suppliers From Istanbul
Erdem, A. K., Gürün, S., Zeybek, Z., Güngör, N. D., & Çotuk, A. (2009) · doi:10.18478/iufsjb.07398 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Calidad microbiológica del agua potable envasada en bolsas y botellas que se venden en la ciudad de Maracaibo, estado Zulia-Venezuela
Benítez, B., Ferrer, K., Matos, L. C. R., Larreal, A. G. Á., Barboza, Y., & Levy, A. (2013) · Multiciencias · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluation of microbiological quality of bottled water to Pseudomonas aeruginosa by membrane filter, culture and polymerase chain reaction method
(2015) · International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) · doi:10.12692/ijb/6.4.99-105 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Water quality index analysis for portable and bottled waters
Ahmed, A. T. (2020) · AQUA - Water Infrastructure Ecosystems and Society · doi:10.2166/aqua.2020.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Comparison of the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water for the Rural of Hooreh and Arjnk, Iran
Fadaei, A. (2014) · Resources and Environment · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Heterotrophic Bacteria in Bottled Water
Kokkinakis, M. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63951-6.00493-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Design A Voice App Controlled IoT Based Water Tank System
Madhuri, M., Sridhar, D. B., Anusha, K., & Siddardha, K. (2023) · IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS) · doi:10.1109/sceecs57921.2023.10063007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The goal of a smart water tank system is to optimize water usage and reduce waste, as well as to improve the efficiency and reliability of the water supply[1-4].”
Background
Bacterial Strain Identification from Drinking Water in Water Treatment Systems
Muhammad, M. S., Othman, M. H. D., Puteh, M. H., Malek, N. A. N. N., Saidin, A. R., Yusof, A., Kamaludin, R., Maryam, S., Samuel, O., Liew, C. M., et al. (2025) · Engineering innovations · doi:10.4028/p-swu9ge · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Comparative Efficacy of Latent Fingerprint Development Techniques in Varying Aquatic Environments of Rajasthan’s Shekhawati Region: Analyzing the Impact of Water Composition and Surface Interactions
Gupta, A., Sharma, M., Dabas, V., Kumari, K., & Saharan, S. (2025) · Forensic Sciences · doi:10.3390/forensicsci5040079 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bacteriological quality of drinking water originated from groundwater in Bni-Abbs area (South West Algeria)
BENGARNIA, B., Hadadji, M., RAMDANI, M., & Kihal, M. (2015) · African Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5897/ajar2014.8741 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diversity and epidemiological profile ofPseudomonas aeruginosafrom drinking water in Brazil genotyped using multi-locus sequence typing
Costa, P. V., Nascimento, J. D. S., Forsythe, S. J., & Brandão, M. L. L. (2023) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1093/lambio/ovad109 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Assessment of source and storage conditions on bacterial composition of mineral packaged water using amplicon sequencing
Silva, B. S., Filippis, F. D., Laiola, M., Furtado, M. M., Neto, D. P. A., Ercolini, D., & Sant’Ana, A. S. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116903 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Preliminary Evaluation of Enteric Viruses in Bottled Mineral Water Commercialized in Brazil
dos Santos, V. R., Rigotto, C., Staggemeier, R., Vecchia, A. D., Henzel, A., & Spilki, F. R. (2015) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages1030140 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“(2008) [16] has pointed out that there is a cultural tendency to opt for mineral water consumption, to the expense of public water system, because the population perceives groundwater to be of higher quality.”
BackgroundInfluential
Analysis of Deep Groundwater in the Sambagawa Belt in Relation to Growth of Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)
HIKASHI, M., & Ishikawa, K. (2014) · Environment Control in Biology · doi:10.2525/ecb.52.79 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Deterioration of aquatic environments is accompanied by health risks (Zamberlan da Silva et al., 2008; Nahar and Zhang, 2012).”
Background

Bacteriological quality of bottled drinking water versus municipal tap water in Dharan municipality, Nepal
Pant, N. D., Poudyal, N., & Bhattacharya, S. K. (2016) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-016-0054-0 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Microbiological quality of packaged bottled water and public water supply in Ibadan, Nigeria
Coker, M., & Ehimika, A. (2006) · Journal of Applied Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.4314/jaset.v5i1.38290 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Contamination Assessment of Microparticles and Water Quality Parameters in Hot and Cold Dispenser Water
Tarnini, A. B., Said, M., & Mortula, M. M. (2026) · Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environment Systems · doi:10.13044/j.sdewes.d14.0736
Mineral water: a microbiological approach
Falcone-Dias, M. F., Emerick, G. L., & Filho, A. F. (2012) · Water Science & Technology Water Supply · doi:10.2166/ws.2012.028 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bacteriological Quality of Bottled Water and Water from Dispensers Distributed in the School of Bioanalysis and Department of Mental Health of the University of Carabobo
Noja Izzeddin, A., Jorvin, P., Yanze, P., & Medina, L. (2022) · ACTA SCIENTIFIC MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.31080/asmi.2022.05.1055

Authors: Zamberlan da Silva, M. E., Santana, R. G., Guilhermetti, M., Filho, I. C., Endo, E. H., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Nakamura, C. V., & Dias Filho, B. P.
Affiliations: Universidade Estadual de Maringá (BR)
ORCID: Endo, Eliana Harue
Nakamura, Celso Vataru
Venue: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-10
Volume: 211
Issue: 5-6
Pages: 504-509
ISSN: 1438-4639 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.09.004
OpenAlex: W2011423022
Cited by: 124
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 8.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
Keywords: bacteriological water quality, tap water, bottled mineral water, municipal water supply, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, heterotrophic plate count, water dispenser, microbial contamination
MeSH terms: Brazil, Carbonated Beverages, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Humans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, Water Microbiology, Water Supply, Colony Count, Microbial, Enterococcus, Food Industry

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Comparison of the Bacteriological Quality of Tap Water and Bottled Mineral Water

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