Cited by 124Fecal contamination and water qualityWater Treatment and DisinfectionFood Safety and Hygiene

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Comparison of the bacteriological quality of tap water and bottled mineral water

Zamberlan da Silva, Marie Eliza, Santana, Rosangela Getirana, Guilhermetti, Marcio, Filho, Ivens Camargo, Endo, Eliana Harue, Ueda-Nakamura, Tânia, Nakamura, Celso Vataru, Dias Filho, Benedito Prado·2008·International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

DOI 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.09.004

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Abstract

The bacteriological quality of tap water from municipal water supplies, 20-L bottles of mineral water from water dispensers and samples collected from new 20-L bottles of mineral water were comparatively studied. Total coliforms, termotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp. and heterotrophic plate count were enumerated. The results showed that 36.4% of the tap water samples from municipal water systems and 76.6% of the 20-L bottles of mineral water from water dispensers were contaminated by at least one coliform or indicator bacterium and/or at least one pathogenic bacterium. The bacteriological quality of municipal tap water is superior when compared with the 20-L bottles of mineral water collected from water dispensers and samples collected from new 20-L bottles of mineral water before installation in the dispensers. This highlights the need for an improved surveillance system for the bottled water industry. For the municipal water systems, it is recommended to perform the Pseudomonas enumeration periodically, in addition to the routine data collected by most systems.

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“It is popular public perception that bottled water is safe for consumption because it is free from contaminants and impurities (Venieri et al., 2006; Zamberlan da Silva et al., 2008; Okagbue et al., 2002).”
Effect of Simulated Transport Conditions on Microbiological Properties of Bottled Natural Mineral Water
Tihanyi‐Kovács, R., Ásványi, B., Lakatos, E., Bánáti, F., Varga, L., & Böröcz, P. (2023) · Water · doi:10.3390/w15091757 · Cited by 5
A comparative study of microbial contamination between public institutional and private residential bottled water dispensers
Semerjian, L., Ibrahim, M. M., & Alkhateri, B. M. (2020) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-020-8231-4 · Cited by 5
Mineral water: a microbiological approach
Falcone-Dias, M. F., Emerick, G. L., & Filho, A. F. (2012) · Water Science & Technology Water Supply · doi:10.2166/ws.2012.028 · Cited by 5
The unique chemical and microbiological signatures of an array of bottled drinking water
Nadreen, Y. M., Vrouwenvelder, J. S., Saikaly, P. E., & Gonzalez-Gil, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1441142 · Cited by 4
Evaluation of microbiological quality of commercially available bottled drinking water in Colombo district, Sri Lanka
Perera, D. D. N., Herath, A. T., Randika, J. L. P. C., Ruwandeepika, H. A. D., & Jayalal, U. (2023) · Ceylon Journal of Science · doi:10.4038/cjs.v52i2.8159 · Cited by 4
“It has been reported that bottled water is not sterile as it may contain various pathogens such as Escherichia coli or other coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Campylobacter , or even Mycobacterium (Bharath et al ., 2003; da Silva et al ., 2008; Herath et al ., 2012; Herath and Abayasekara, 2021).”
Background
The effect of transportation vibration on the microbiological status of bottled mineral water
Tihanyi‐Kovács, R., Böröcz, P., & Ásványi, B. (2022) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.11787 · Cited by 4
Are We Paying More to Consume Substandard Drinking Water? Crowd-Sourced Water Education Study in a South-Asian Megacity
Roy, A., Ghosh, S. S., Dan, K., Sai, G., Maity, S., Das, M. S., Gupta, D., Paul, J., Pal, K., Bandhyopadhay, S., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.24018/ejdevelop.2022.2.5.172 · Cited by 4
Comparação das técnicas do número mais provável (NMP) e de filtração em membrana na avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de água mineral natural
Brandão, M. L. L., Rosas, C. D. O., Medeiros, V. D. M., Warnken, M. B., Bricio, S. M. L., da Silva, A. M. L., & Azeredo, D. R. P. (2012) · REVISTA DO INSTITUTO ADOLFO LUTZ · doi:10.53393/rial.2012.71.32387 · Cited by 4
Potable Water Quality Assessment from Local Restaurants: Study from South Central Coastal District of Bangladesh
Khan, M. S., & Farha, M. (2022) · Journal of Asian Scientific Research · doi:10.55493/5003.v12i4.4679 · Cited by 3
The impact of temperature on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mineral waters originated from different wells: A predictive approach
Boas, D. M. V., Margalho, L. P., Canales, H. D. S., da Graça, J. S., Ramos, A. C. H., Saraiva, G. P., Lemos, W. J. F., & Sant’Ana, A. S. (2024) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110969 · Cited by 3
Microbiological Studies during the Different Treatments of Drinking Water in Road El-Farag Station
Salem, A. (2019) · Annals of Agricultural Science Moshtohor · doi:10.21608/assjm.2019.44929 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of the presence of coliform in bottled drinking water, released in Sari in 2016
Yousefi, Z., Ala, A., & Eslamifar, M. (2018) · Environmental Health Engineering and Management · doi:10.15171/ehem.2018.25 · Cited by 3
“Also, a study conducted by Zamberlan da Silva et al in Brazil, showed that the microbial quality of urban water is far better than bottled water (6).”
BackgroundResult
Nitrate Contamination of Bottled Water: Description of a Project-based Learning Experience
Gallego, A., González, A. J., Fortunato, M. S., & Korol, S. E. (2020) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education · doi:10.29333/ijese/8337 · Cited by 3
Microbial and physico-chemical quality of groundwater in the North-West Province, South Africa
Ferreira, S. L. (2011) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 3
Microbial diversity and ecology of bottled water
Manaia, C. M., & Nunes, O. C. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118823071.ch29 · Cited by 3
Daily Use Water Bottles as a Hub for Microbial Population: A Comparative Study of PET vs. Stainless Steel Water Bottles and Outcome of Washing Strategy Intervention
Hariharan, A. V., & Sankar, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_559_23 · Cited by 2
Physiochemical and bacteriological quality of tanker vended water supply chain in Lodwar Town, Kenya
Ekwar, P., Kitaka, N. K., & Muia, A. W. (2025) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2025.301 · Cited by 2
Microbiological Investigation of Bottled Waters From Different Suppliers From Istanbul
Erdem, A. K., Gürün, S., Zeybek, Z., Güngör, N. D., & Çotuk, A. (2009) · doi:10.18478/iufsjb.07398 · Cited by 2
Calidad microbiológica del agua potable envasada en bolsas y botellas que se venden en la ciudad de Maracaibo, estado Zulia-Venezuela
Benítez, B., Ferrer, K., Matos, L. C. R., Larreal, A. G. Á., Barboza, Y., & Levy, A. (2013) · Multiciencias · Cited by 2
Evaluation of microbiological quality of bottled water to Pseudomonas aeruginosa by membrane filter, culture and polymerase chain reaction method
(2015) · International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) · doi:10.12692/ijb/6.4.99-105 · Cited by 2
Water quality index analysis for portable and bottled waters
Ahmed, A. T. (2020) · AQUA - Water Infrastructure Ecosystems and Society · doi:10.2166/aqua.2020.004 · Cited by 2
A Comparison of the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water for the Rural of Hooreh and Arjnk, Iran
Fadaei, A. (2014) · Resources and Environment · Cited by 2
Heterotrophic Bacteria in Bottled Water
Kokkinakis, M. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63951-6.00493-9 · Cited by 2
Design A Voice App Controlled IoT Based Water Tank System
Madhuri, M., Sridhar, D. B., Anusha, K., & Siddardha, K. (2023) · IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS) · doi:10.1109/sceecs57921.2023.10063007 · Cited by 1
“The goal of a smart water tank system is to optimize water usage and reduce waste, as well as to improve the efficiency and reliability of the water supply[1-4].”
Background
Bacterial Strain Identification from Drinking Water in Water Treatment Systems
Muhammad, M. S., Othman, M. H. D., Puteh, M. H., Malek, N. A. N. N., Saidin, A. R., Yusof, A., Kamaludin, R., Maryam, S., Samuel, O., Liew, C. M., et al. (2025) · Engineering innovations · doi:10.4028/p-swu9ge · Cited by 1
Comparative Efficacy of Latent Fingerprint Development Techniques in Varying Aquatic Environments of Rajasthan’s Shekhawati Region: Analyzing the Impact of Water Composition and Surface Interactions
Gupta, A., Sharma, M., Dabas, V., Kumari, K., & Saharan, S. (2025) · Forensic Sciences · doi:10.3390/forensicsci5040079 · Cited by 1
Bacteriological quality of drinking water originated from groundwater in Bni-Abbs area (South West Algeria)
BENGARNIA, B., Hadadji, M., RAMDANI, M., & Kihal, M. (2015) · African Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5897/ajar2014.8741 · Cited by 1
Diversity and epidemiological profile ofPseudomonas aeruginosafrom drinking water in Brazil genotyped using multi-locus sequence typing
Costa, P. V., Nascimento, J. D. S., Forsythe, S. J., & Brandão, M. L. L. (2023) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1093/lambio/ovad109 · Cited by 1
Assessment of source and storage conditions on bacterial composition of mineral packaged water using amplicon sequencing
Silva, B. S., Filippis, F. D., Laiola, M., Furtado, M. M., Neto, D. P. A., Ercolini, D., & Sant’Ana, A. S. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116903 · Cited by 1
Preliminary Evaluation of Enteric Viruses in Bottled Mineral Water Commercialized in Brazil
dos Santos, V. R., Rigotto, C., Staggemeier, R., Vecchia, A. D., Henzel, A., & Spilki, F. R. (2015) · Beverages · doi:10.3390/beverages1030140 · Cited by 1
“(2008) [16] has pointed out that there is a cultural tendency to opt for mineral water consumption, to the expense of public water system, because the population perceives groundwater to be of higher quality.”
BackgroundInfluential
Analysis of Deep Groundwater in the Sambagawa Belt in Relation to Growth of Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)
HIKASHI, M., & Ishikawa, K. (2014) · Environment Control in Biology · doi:10.2525/ecb.52.79 · Cited by 1
“Deterioration of aquatic environments is accompanied by health risks (Zamberlan da Silva et al., 2008; Nahar and Zhang, 2012).”
Background

Authors: Zamberlan da Silva, M. E., Santana, R. G., Guilhermetti, M., Filho, I. C., Endo, E. H., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Nakamura, C. V., & Dias Filho, B. P.
Affiliations: Universidade Estadual de Maringá (BR)
ORCID: Endo, Eliana Harue
Nakamura, Celso Vataru
Venue: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-10
Volume: 211
Issue: 5-6
Pages: 504-509
ISSN: 1438-4639 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.09.004
OpenAlex: W2011423022
Cited by: 124
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 8.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
Keywords: bacteriological water quality, tap water, bottled mineral water, municipal water supply, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, heterotrophic plate count, water dispenser, microbial contamination
MeSH terms: Brazil, Carbonated Beverages, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Humans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, Water Microbiology, Water Supply, Colony Count, Microbial, Enterococcus, Food Industry

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Comparison of the bacteriological quality of tap water and bottled mineral water

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