Review of electrochemical ammonia production technologies and materials
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Both yield metrics are significantly below the minimum yield threshold for practical eNRR, set at 100 nmol s−1 cm−2, assuming an electrocatalyst loading of about 1 mg cm−2.
“Both values are significantly below the minimum yield threshold for practical eNRR, set at 100 nmol s−1 cm−2, assuming an electrocatalyst loading of about 1 mg cm−2 [32,33].”
From Automating structure-activity analysis for electrochemical nitrogen reduction catalyst design through multi-agent collaborations (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
Cites
State of Understanding of Nafion
Mauritz, K. A., & Moore, R. B. (2004) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr0207123 · Cited by 4,791 · see citing works
An overview of hydrogen production technologies
Holladay, J., Hu, J., King, D. L., & Wang, Y. (2008) · Catalysis Today · doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2008.08.039 · Cited by 3,453 · see citing works
On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells
Kreuer, K. D. (2001) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(00)00632-3 · Cited by 2,969 · see citing works
Kreuer, K. (2003) · Annual Review of Materials Research · doi:10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022802.091825 · Cited by 2,416 · see citing works
IWAHARA, H., Esaka, T., Uchida, H., et al. (1981) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/0167-2738(81)90113-2 · Cited by 1,498 · see citing works
Ammonia and related chemicals as potential indirect hydrogen storage materials
Lan, R., Irvine, J. T. S., & Tao, S. (2011) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.10.004 · Cited by 1,213 · see citing works
Ion transport and clustering in nafion perfluorinated membranes
Hsu, W. Y., & Gierke, T. D. (1983) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(00)81563-x · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Kreuer, K. (1999) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(99)00188-5 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Malavasi, L., Fisher, C. A. J., & Islam, M. S. (2010) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/b915141a · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Recent advances in perfluorinated ionomer membranes: structure, properties and applications
Heitner‐Wirguin, C. (1996) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/0376-7388(96)00155-x · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Protonic conduction in Zr-substituted BaCeO3
Katahira, K., Kohchi, Y., Shimura, T., et al. (2000) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(00)00777-3 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Ammonia Synthesis at Atmospheric Pressure
Marnellos, G. E., & Stoukides, M. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5386.98 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Enhanced Sintering of Yttrium‐Doped Barium Zirconate by Addition of ZnO
Babilo, P., & Haile, S. M. (2005) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00449.x · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Towards an ammonia-mediated hydrogen economy?
Christensen, C. H., Johannessen, T., Sørensen, R. Z., & Nørskov, J. K. (2005) · Catalysis Today · doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2005.10.011 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Technological challenges in the application of proton conducting ceramics
IWAHARA, H. (1995) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/0167-2738(95)00051-7 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Kordali, V., Kyriacou, G., & Lambrou, C. (2000) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/b004885m · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Thermodynamics and Proton Transport in Nafion
Choi, P., Jalani, N. H., & Datta, R. (2005) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.1859814 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Synthesis of ammonia directly from air and water at ambient temperature and pressure
Lan, R., Irvine, J. T. S., & Tao, S. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep01145 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Tao, S., & Irvine, J. T. S. (2006) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200502098 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Non-stoichiometry, grain boundary transport and chemical stability of proton conducting perovskites
Haile, S. M., Staneff, G. D., & Ryu, K. H. (2001) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1023/a:1004877708871 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
High-temperature protonic conductors with perovskite-related structures
Nowick, A. S., & Du, Y. (1995) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/0167-2738(94)00230-p · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Solid-state electrochemical synthesis of ammonia: a review
Amar, I. A., Lan, R., Petit, C. T. G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10008-011-1376-x · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Effect of Ammonia as Potential Fuel Impurity on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance
Uribe, F. A., Gottesfeld, S., & Zawodzinski, T. A. (2002) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.1447221 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Direct coupling of an electrolyser to a solar PV system for generating hydrogen
Clarke, R. E., Giddey, S., Ciacchi, F. T., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.01.053 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationLithium-mediated electrochemical reduction of high pressure N2 to NH3
Tsuneto, A., Kudo, A., & Sakata, T. (1994) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/0022-0728(93)03025-k · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Review of proton conductors for hydrogen separation
Phair, J. W., & Badwal, S. P. S. (2006) · Ionics · doi:10.1007/s11581-006-0016-4 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationAmmonia as efficient fuel for SOFC
Fuerte, A., Valenzuela, R. X., Escudero, M. J., & Daza, L. (2008) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.037 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Electrolytic Synthesis of Ammonia in Molten Salts under Atmospheric Pressure
Murakami, T., Nishikiori, T., Nohira, T., et al. (2002) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja028891t · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Ammonia: Principles and Industrial Practice
Appl, M. (1999) · doi:10.1002/9783527613885 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Temperature Dependence of Ion and Water Transport in Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells
Saito, M., Hayamizu, K., & Okada, T. (2005) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp045624w · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Azad, S., Marina, O. A., Wang, C. M., et al. (2005) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1894615 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Oxygen-ion conducting electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells
Badwal, S. P. S., & Ciacchi, F. T. (2000) · Ionics · doi:10.1007/bf02375543 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia from steam and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure
Skodra, A., & Stoukides, M. (2009) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2009.08.001 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
A role for ammonia in the hydrogen economy
Avery, W. (1988) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/0360-3199(88)90037-7 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Nafion and modified-Nafion membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells: An overview
Sahu, A. K., Pitchumani, S., Sridhar, P., et al. (2009) · Bulletin of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s12034-009-0042-8 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Proton conduction in non-perovskite-type oxides at elevated temperatures
Shimura, T., Fujimoto, S., & IWAHARA, H. (2001) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(01)00839-6 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Fast high-temperature proton transport in nonstoichiometric mixed perovskites
LIANG, K., Du, Y., & Nowick, A. S. (1994) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/0167-2738(94)90399-9 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Synthesis of Ammonia at Atmospheric Pressure with the Use of Solid State Proton Conductors
Marnellos, G. E., Zisekas, S., & Stoukides, M. (2000) · Journal of Catalysis · doi:10.1006/jcat.2000.2877 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cell based on thin proton-conducting electrolyte
Zhang, L., & Yang, W. (2008) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.061 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Di, J., Chen, M., Wang, C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.02.066 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Electrolytic ammonia synthesis from water and nitrogen gas in molten salt under atmospheric pressure
Murakami, T., Nohira, T., Goto, T., Ogata, Y. H., & Ito, Y. (2005) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2005.03.023 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Ammonia fuel cell using doped barium cerate proton conducting solid electrolytes
Pelletier, L., McFarlan, A., & Maffei, N. (2005) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.02.040 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
On the conduction pathway for protons in nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia
Kim, S., Ávila-Paredes, H. J., Wang, S., et al. (2009) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/b901623f · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Wang, J., Xie, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. (2005) · Materials Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2005.04.008 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Some factors that determine proton conductivity in nonstoichiometric complex perovskites
Nowick, A. S., Du, Y., & Liang, K. C. (1999) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(99)00189-7 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Xu, G., Liu, R., & Wang, J. (2009) · Science China Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11426-009-0135-7 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Synthesis and characterization of BaIn0.3−xYxCe0.7O3−δ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) proton conductors
Zhao, F., Liu, Q., Wang, S., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.080 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Current status of combined systems using alkaline fuel cells and ammonia as a hydrogen carrier
Hejze, T., Besenhard, J. O., KORDESCH, K. V., Cifrain, M., & Aronsson, R. R. (2007) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.117 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
High-Pressure Electrochemical Promotion of Ammonia Synthesis over an Industrial Iron Catalyst
Yiokari, C. G., Pitselis, G. E., Polydoros, D. G., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/jp002236v · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Influence of Ammonium on Conductivity and Water Content of Nafion 117 Membranes
Halseid, R., Vie, P. J. S., & Tunold, R. (2004) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.1641035 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Haber process for ammonia synthesis
Modak, J. M. (2011) · Resonance · doi:10.1007/s12045-011-0130-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Amar, I. A., Petit, C. T. G., Zhang, L., Lan, R., Skabara, P. J., & Tao, S. (2011) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2011.08.003 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Ouzounidou, M., Skodra, A., Kokkofitis, C., et al. (2007) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2006.11.019 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Münch, W., Kreuer, K., Adams, S. N., Seifert, G., & Maier, J. (1999) · Phase Transitions · doi:10.1080/01411599908224535 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Influence of ammonia on the conductivity of Nafion membranes
Hongsirikarn, K., Goodwin, J. G., Greenway, S. D., & Creager, S. E. (2009) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.07.013 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Park, J., Lee, J., Lee, H.-W., et al. (2009) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2009.06.015 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia based on a carbonate-oxide composite electrolyte
Amar, I. A., Lan, R., Petit, C. T. G., et al. (2010) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2010.11.009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Liu, R., XIE, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2005) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2005.07.018 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Omata, T., & Otsuka‐Yao‐Matsuo, S. (2001) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.1369370 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Indium as an ideal functional dopant for a proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cell
Bi, L., Zhang, S., Zhang, L., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.087 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Li, Z., Liu, R., Xie, Y., et al. (2005) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2005.01.009 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Hydrogen production via solid electrolytic routes
Badwal, S. P. S., Giddey, S., & Munnings, C. N. (2012) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Energy and Environment · doi:10.1002/wene.50 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationLarring, Y. (1995) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/0167-2738(94)00261-p · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Xie, Y. (2004) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2004.01.025 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Grundt, T. (1982) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/0360-3199(82)90088-x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Low overpotential reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia in aqueous media
Köleli, F., & Kayan, D. B. (2009) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.10.010 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Catalysis, Science and Technology
Leigh, G. J. (1986) · Journal of Organometallic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0022-328x(00)99600-1 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Proton Conductivity in Perovskite Oxides
Norby, T. (2009) · Fuel cells and hydrogen energy · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77708-5_11 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Sun, W., Zhu, Z., Shi, Z., et al. (2012) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.017 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Defect chemistry of grain boundaries in proton-conducting solid oxides
Souza, R. A. D., Munir, Z. A., Kim, S., et al. (2011) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2011.07.001 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Li, Z., Liu, R., Wang, J., et al. (2007) · Science and Technology of Advanced Materials · doi:10.1016/j.stam.2007.08.009 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Stability of AB 1 / 2 ′ B ″ 1 / 2 O 3 ‐ Type Mixed Perovskite Proton Conductors
Bhide, S. V., & Virkar, A. V. (1999) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.1392648 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ávila-Paredes, H. J., Chen, C., Wang, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c0jm02967j · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Liu, R., & Xu, G. (2010) · Chinese Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/cjoc.201090044 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Hydrogen Ion (Proton) Conduction in Thoria-Base Solid Electrolytes
Shores, D. A., & Rapp, R. A. (1972) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.2404190 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Murakami, T., Nohira, T., Araki, Y., et al. (2007) · Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters · doi:10.1149/1.2437674 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis: Role of cathode materials and reactor configuration
Hasnat, M. A., Karim, M. R., & Machida, M. (2009) · Catalysis Communications · doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2009.07.012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cathode catalysis performance of SmBaCuMO5+δ (M=Fe, Co, Ni) in ammonia synthesis
Zhang, Z., Zhong, Z., & Liu, R. (2010) · Journal of Rare Earths · doi:10.1016/s1002-0721(09)60153-8 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Li, Z., Liu, R., Wang, J., et al. (2004) · Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10008-004-0582-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Wang, B. H., Wang, J. D., Liu, R., et al. (2005) · Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10008-005-0042-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
FUELS – HYDROGEN PRODUCTION | Water Electrolysis
Smolinka, T. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044452745-5.00315-4 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Oxygen and Hydrogen Separation Membranes Based on Dense Ceramic Conductors
Fontaine, M., Norby, T., Larring, Y., et al. (2008) · Membrane science and technology/Membrane science and technology series · doi:10.1016/s0927-5193(07)13010-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Panagos, E., Voudouris, I., & Stoukides, M. (1996) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/0009-2509(96)00216-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wind to Ammonia: Electrochemical Processes in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Pappenfus, T. M., Lee, K.-M., Thoma, L. M., et al. (2009) · ECS Transactions · doi:10.1149/1.3159311 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Chen, C., & Ma, G. (2008) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-008-2747-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Murakami, T., Nohira, T., Ogata, Y. H., et al. (2005) · Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters · doi:10.1149/1.1870633 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The History of the Catalytic Synthesis of Ammonia
Topham, S. A. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-93281-6_1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Xu, G., & Liu, R. (2009) · Chinese Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/cjoc.200990111 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Perspectives of neutron scattering on proton conducting oxides
Karlsson, M. (2012) · Dalton Transactions · doi:10.1039/c2dt31891a · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Magrasó, A., Kjølseth, C., Haugsrud, R., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.10.067 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Köleli, F., Röpke, D., Aydın, R., et al. (2010) · Journal of Applied Electrochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10800-010-0250-3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lipman, T. E., & Shah, N. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lott, K. F., Ghosh, B. D., & Ritchie, J. E. (2005) · Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters · doi:10.1149/1.2017768 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Defect Chemistry and Proton Conductivity in Ba-based Perovskites
Wu, J. (2005) · doi:10.7907/vtcg-t978 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kulkarni, A., Bourandas, A., Dong, J., et al. (2006) · Journal of materials research/Pratt's guide to venture capital sources · doi:10.1557/jmr.2006.0041 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationEFFECT OF IMPURITIES ON PERFORMANCE OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL COMPONENTS
Hongsirikarn, K. (2010) · TigerPrints (Clemson University) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia
Knani, S., Holade, Y., & Basile, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88516-4.00006-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A roadmap to the ammonia economy
MacFarlane, D. R., Cherepanov, P. V., Choi, J., Suryanto, B. H. R., Hodgetts, R. Y., Bakker, J. M., Ferrero Vallana, F. M., & Simonov, A. N. (2020) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.04.004 · Cited by 1,926 · see citing works
Liquid hydrogen, methylcyclohexane, and ammonia as potential hydrogen storage: Comparison review
Wijayanta, A. T., Oda, T., Purnomo, C. W., Kashiwagi, T., & Aziz, M. (2019) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.112 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Asif, M., Sidra Bibi, S., Ahmed, S., Irshad, M., Shakir Hussain, M., Zeb, H., Kashif Khan, M., & Kim, J. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.145381 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Integrated system of thermochemical cycle of ammonia, nitrogen production, and power generation
Juangsa, F. B., & Aziz, M. (2019) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.110 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hu, X., Chen, S., Chen, L., Wang, H., Zhang, X., & Zhou, Z. (2025) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaf372 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Giddey, S., Badwal, S. P. S., & Kulkarni, A.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Giddey, S.
- Venue
- International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- 14576-14594
- ISSN
- 0360-3199 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2148505233
- Cited by
- 886
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 6.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Keywords
- electrochemical nitrogen reduction, ammonia synthesis, hydrogen storage, Haber-Bosch process, molten salt electrolyte, composite electrolytes, solid electrolytes, building materials, operating temperature and pressure, energy efficiency, hydrogen economy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review