Cited by 388COVID-19 epidemiological studiesMathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology ModelsViral Infections and Outbreaks Research

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Super-spreaders in infectious diseases

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Stein, Richard A.·2011·International Journal of Infectious Diseases

DOI 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.06.020PMC PMC7110524

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Abstract

Early studies that explored host-pathogen interactions assumed that infected individuals within a population have equal chances of transmitting the infection to others. Subsequently, in what became known as the 20/80 rule, a small percentage of individuals within any population was observed to control most transmission events. This empirical rule was shown to govern inter-individual transmission dynamics for many pathogens in several species, and individuals who infect disproportionately more secondary contacts, as compared to most others, became known as super-spreaders. Studies conducted in the wake of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic revealed that, in the absence of super-spreading events, most individuals infect few, if any, secondary contacts. The analysis of SARS transmission, and reports from other outbreaks, unveil a complex scenario in which super-spreading events are shaped by multiple factors, including co-infection with another pathogen, immune suppression, changes in airflow dynamics, delayed hospital admission, misdiagnosis, and inter-hospital transfers. Predicting and identifying super-spreaders open significant medical and public health challenges, and represent important facets of infectious disease management and pandemic preparedness plans.

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Authors: Stein, R. A.
Affiliations: Princeton University (US)
Corresponding author: Stein, Richard A.
ORCID: Stein, Richard A.
Venue: International Journal of Infectious Diseases
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-08
Volume: 15
Issue: 8
Pages: e510-e513
ISSN: 1201-9712 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.06.020
PMC: PMC7110524
OpenAlex: W2007300619
Cited by: 388
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 8.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 752 d)
Locations: International Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
Keywords: superspreaders, superspreading events, Pareto principle, SARS, infectious disease transmission, host-pathogen interaction, co-infection, immunosuppression, airflow dynamics, misdiagnosis, interhospital transfer, pandemic preparedness, transmission dynamics
MeSH terms: Animals, Communicable Diseases, Environment, Humans, Public Health, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Pandemics, Coinfection

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