The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cytokine Storms: Understanding COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
The elevated circulating levels of cytokines associated with a variety of infectious and immune-mediated conditions are frequently termed a cytokine storm. Here, we explain the protective functions of cytokines in "ideal" responses; the multi-factorial origins that can drive these responses to become pathological; and how this ultimately leads to vascular damage, immunopathology, and worsening clinical outcomes.
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“Consistent with the notion that severe COVID-19 is a cytokine storm syndrome (12–17, 336), the severity of COVID-19 is associated with an increased level of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and TNFα (333, 337).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [336]
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Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19
Ackermann, M., Verleden, S. E., Kuehnel, M., Haverich, A., Welte, T., Laenger, F., Vanstapel, A., Werlein, C., Stark, H., Tzankov, A., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2015432 · Cited by 5,613
Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells for Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
Grupp, S. A., Kalos, M., Barrett, D., Aplenc, R., Porter, D. L., Rheingold, S. R., Teachey, D. T., Chew, A., Hauck, B., Wright, J. F., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1215134 · Cited by 3,509
IL-10: The Master Regulator of Immunity to Infection
Couper, K. N., Blount, D. G., & Riley, E. M. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5771 · Cited by 2,288
Cytokine Storm in a Phase 1 Trial of the Anti-CD28 Monoclonal Antibody TGN1412
Suntharalingam, G., Perry, M. R., Ward, S., Brett, S. J., Castello-Cortes, A., Brunner, M. D., & Panoskaltsis, N. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa063842 · Cited by 2,164
Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity
Engelmann, B., & Massberg, S. (2013) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3345 · Cited by 1,989
Hotchkiss, R. S., Moldawer, L. L., Opal, S. M., Reinhart, K., Turnbull, I. R., & Vincent, J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.45 · Cited by 1,795
Fox, S., Akmatbekov, A., Harbert, J. L., Li, G., Brown, J. Q., & Heide, R. S. V. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30243-5 · Cited by 1,524
Shakoory, B., Carcillo, J. A., Chatham, W. W., Amdur, R. L., Zhao, H., Dinarello, C. A., Cron, R. Q., & Opal, S. M. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001402 · Cited by 867
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Al-Samkari, H. T., & Berliner, N. (2017) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043625 · Cited by 510
Min, C.-K., Cheon, S., Ha, N., Sohn, K. M., Kim, Y., Aigerim, A., Shin, H. M., Choi, J., Inn, K., Kim, J. H., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25359 · Cited by 364
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JAX CCHI-Modulation of Lung Responses to Viral Infection- ALI SARS-CoV2
Palucka, K., & García-Sastre, A. (2023) · ImmPort · doi:10.21430/m32kgrdm51
BindingDB Entry 50019943: Recent two-year advances in anti-dengue small-molecule inhibitors.
BindingDB (2024) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2c82fqb
Metadata
- Authors
- Mangalmurti, N., & Hunter, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hunter, Christopher A.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-25
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7321048
- OpenAlex
- W3037676127
- Cited by
- 698
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 228 · 2020: 70
- FWCI
- 18.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- cytokine storm, COVID-19 pandemic, cytokines, SARS-CoV-2, immunopathology, vascular injury, hyperinflammation, clinical outcomes, protective immune response
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Cytokine Release Syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Inflammation, Pneumonia, Viral, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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