The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cytokine Storms: Understanding COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
The elevated circulating levels of cytokines associated with a variety of infectious and immune-mediated conditions are frequently termed a cytokine storm. Here, we explain the protective functions of cytokines in "ideal" responses; the multi-factorial origins that can drive these responses to become pathological; and how this ultimately leads to vascular damage, immunopathology, and worsening clinical outcomes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Consistent with the notion that severe COVID-19 is a cytokine storm syndrome (12–17, 336), the severity of COVID-19 is associated with an increased level of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and TNFα (333, 337).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [336]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19
Ackermann, M., Verleden, S. E., Kuehnel, M., Haverich, A., Welte, T., Laenger, F., Vanstapel, A., Werlein, C., Stark, H., Tzankov, A., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2015432 · Cited by 5,613
Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified T Cells for Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
Grupp, S. A., Kalos, M., Barrett, D., Aplenc, R., Porter, D. L., Rheingold, S. R., Teachey, D. T., Chew, A., Hauck, B., Wright, J. F., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1215134 · Cited by 3,509
IL-10: The Master Regulator of Immunity to Infection
Couper, K. N., Blount, D. G., & Riley, E. M. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5771 · Cited by 2,288
Cytokine Storm in a Phase 1 Trial of the Anti-CD28 Monoclonal Antibody TGN1412
Suntharalingam, G., Perry, M. R., Ward, S., Brett, S. J., Castello-Cortes, A., Brunner, M. D., & Panoskaltsis, N. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa063842 · Cited by 2,164
Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity
Engelmann, B., & Massberg, S. (2013) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3345 · Cited by 1,989
Hotchkiss, R. S., Moldawer, L. L., Opal, S. M., Reinhart, K., Turnbull, I. R., & Vincent, J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.45 · Cited by 1,795
Fox, S., Akmatbekov, A., Harbert, J. L., Li, G., Brown, J. Q., & Heide, R. S. V. (2020) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30243-5 · Cited by 1,524
Shakoory, B., Carcillo, J. A., Chatham, W. W., Amdur, R. L., Zhao, H., Dinarello, C. A., Cron, R. Q., & Opal, S. M. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001402 · Cited by 867
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Al-Samkari, H. T., & Berliner, N. (2017) · Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043625 · Cited by 510
Min, C.-K., Cheon, S., Ha, N., Sohn, K. M., Kim, Y., Aigerim, A., Shin, H. M., Choi, J., Inn, K., Kim, J. H., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25359 · Cited by 364
Analysis of Serum Cytokines in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Zhang, Y., Li, J., Zhan, Y., Wu, L., Xue-ying, Y., Zhang, W., Ye, L., Xu, S., Sun, R., Wang, Y., et al. (2004) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.72.8.4410-4415.2004 · Cited by 340
Immune-mediated cytokine storm and its role in severe dengue
Srikiatkhachorn, A., Mathew, A., & Rothman, A. L. (2017) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-017-0625-1 · Cited by 285
COVID-19 as an Acute Inflammatory Disease
Manjili, R. H., Zarei, M., Habibi, M., & Manjili, M. H. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000413 · Cited by 178
Schulert, G. S., Zhang, M., Fall, N., Husami, A., Kissell, D., Hanosh, A., Zhang, K., Davis, K., Jentzen, J. M., Napolitano, L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv550 · Cited by 170
The Biology of Physiological Health
Ayres, J. S. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.036 · Cited by 137
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer
Hirano, T. (2021) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaa078 · Cited by 1,453
“Consistent with the notion that severe COVID-19 is a cytokine storm syndrome (12–17, 336 ), SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV activate NF-κ B in a manner dependent on MyD88 through PRRs, such as retinoic acid-inducible gene I protein (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), leading…”
BackgroundVirology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
Çevik, M., Kuppalli, K., Kindrachuk, J., & Peiris, M. J. S. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3862 · Cited by 781
COVID-19 and the human innate immune system
Schultze, J. L., & Aschenbrenner, A. C. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.029 · Cited by 714
“On the other hand, the definition of cytokine storm has expanded to conditions beyond sepsis and, irrespective of absolute cytokine concentrations, to include all inflammatory conditions with elevated circulating cytokines that result in systemic inflammation as well as secondary organ dysfunction (Fajgenbaum and June…”
BackgroundThe signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19
Yang, L., Xie, X., Tu, Z., Fu, J., Xu, D., & Zhou, Y. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00679-0 · Cited by 618
Galani, I.-E., Rovina, N., Lampropoulou, V., Triantafyllia, V., Manioudaki, M., Pavlos, E., Koukaki, E., Fragkou, P. C., Panou, V., Rapti, V., et al. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-020-00840-x · Cited by 503
Metadata
- Authors
- Mangalmurti, N., & Hunter, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hunter, Christopher A.
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-25
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7321048
- OpenAlex
- W3037676127
- Cited by
- 698
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 159 · 2021: 228 · 2020: 70
- FWCI
- 18.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- cytokine storm, COVID-19 pandemic, cytokines, SARS-CoV-2, immunopathology, vascular injury, hyperinflammation, clinical outcomes, protective immune response
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Cytokine Release Syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Inflammation, Pneumonia, Viral, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
