Cited by 1,493Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumInfant Health and DevelopmentInfant Development and Preterm Care

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Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: A review

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Field, Tiffany·2010·Infant Behavior and Development

DOI 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.005PMC PMC2819576

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Abstract

In this paper studies are reviewed from the last decade on postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, safety practices and on early interventions. The interaction disturbances of depressed mothers and their infants appear to be universal, across different cultures and socioeconomic status groups and, include less sensitivity of the mothers and responsivity of the infants. Several caregiving activities also appear to be compromised by postpartum depression including feeding practices, most especially breastfeeding, sleep routines and well-child visits, vaccinations and safety practices. These data highlight the need for universal screening of maternal and paternal depression during the postpartum period. Early interventions reviewed here include psychotherapy and interaction coaching for the mothers, and infant massage for their infants.

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Maternal depression and parenting behavior
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“Several pediatric organizations have suggested that pediatric professionals not only be involved in the universal screening but also in guidance and referrals for maternal depression treatment (Murray et al., 1996).”
Background
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“In both of these studies, the mothers with high postpartum depression scores were significantly more likely to discontinue breastfeeding at 4–16 weeks postpartum and were giving the infant water, juice or cereal during that time (McLearn et al., 2006a, 2006b; Paulson et al., 2006).”
Result
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“Statistics from large sample studies have placed postpartum depression at about 20–40% in mothers and a somewhat lower percentage in fathers (Goodman, 2004; McCoy, Beal, Shipman, Payton, & Watson, 2006).”
Background
Prenatal depression effects on the fetus and newborn: a review
Field, T., Diego, M., & Hernandez-Reif, M. (2006) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.03.003 · Cited by 592 · cited 3×
“Fewer of these behaviors have been noted in depressed mothers and their infants, which may contribute to their interaction disturbances (Field et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression
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Hentel, A., Beebe, B., & Jaffe, J. (2000, July). Maternal depression at 6 weeks is associated with infant self-comfort at 4 months. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Brighton.

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“Depressed mothers are more likely to have suicidal thoughts and struggle with caregiving, resulting in fewer well-child visits and vaccinations, more infant sleep problems, and poorer adherence to safety practices [4, 5].”
Background
Universal prevention of distress aimed at pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions
Missler, M., Donker, T., Beijers, R., Ciharova, M., Moyse, C., de Vries, R., Denissen, J., & van Straten, A. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03752-2 · Cited by 40
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“In a review of the effect of maternal mood (i.e., postpartum depression) on parenting practices, Field (2009) noted that the interaction disturbances of depressed mothers and their infants appeared to be universal, across different cultures and socioeconomic status groups, and included less…”
Background
Postnatal depression, maternal–infant bonding and social support: a cross-cultural comparison of Nigerian and British mothers
Afolabi, O. A., Bunce, L. T., Lusher, J. M., & Banbury, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1340595 · Cited by 48
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BackgroundInfluential
The Impact of Maternal Depression on Children: A Call for Maternal Depression Screening
Trussell, T. M., Ward, W. L., & Edge, N. A. C. (2018) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922818769450 · Cited by 48
“Thoughts of infant harm are more common among mothers with depression, and these mothers also often use harsh forms of punishment like slapping or spanking.(5) Depressed mothers have difficulty coping with stress and caring for their infant, which can lead to irritability and even abuse or neglect.”
Influential
Mother–infant interaction in women with depression in pregnancy and in women with a history of depression: the Psychiatry Research and Motherhood – Depression (PRAM-D) study
Bind, R. H., Biaggi, A., Bairead, A., Preez, A. D., Hazelgrove, K. M., Waites, F., Conroy, S., Dazzan, P., Osborne, S., Pawlby, S. J., et al. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.52 · Cited by 40
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Background
Can Postpartum Depression Be Managed in Pediatric Primary Care?
Olin, S.-C. S., Kerker, B., Stein, R. E. K., Weiss, D., Whitmyre, E. D., Hoagwood, K., & Horwitz, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5438 · Cited by 40
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Single-case experimental research designs.
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Background
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Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2145 · Cited by 50
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“There is abundant evidence for impaired infant care by depressed mothers, including undesirable practices with respect to feeding, sleep, and safety, and reduced frequency of well-child visits and vaccinations (reviewed in Field, 2010).”
Background
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Rieder, A. D., Roth, S. L., Musyimi, C. W., Ndetei, D. M., Sassi, R. B., Mutiso, V., Hall, G. B., & González, A. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12833 · Cited by 38
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundResult
Postpartum depressive symptoms and its association to daytime sleepiness and restless legs during pregnancy
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Background
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“In addition to potential shared genetic risks and differences in the prenatal environment, there is robust evidence that the offspring of depressed and non-depressed parents differ in the caregiver experiences they receive [4].”
BackgroundInfluential
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Takehara, K., Suto, M., & Kato, T. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70727-2 · Cited by 34
A model of risk for perinatal posttraumatic stress symptoms
Grekin, R., O’Hara, M. W., & Brock, R. L. (2020) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01068-2 · Cited by 35
“Although research emphasizes the highly comorbid nature of OCD, PTSD, and depression (Zambaldi, 2009; Reck et al. 2008; Fairbrother et al. 2016; Field 2010; Dikmen-Yildiz 2017), research has not included OCD and depression as covariates in existing models predicting PTSS.”
Background
The role of interpersonal emotional regulation on maternal mental health
Coo, S., García, M. I., Prieto, F., & Medina, F. (2020) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2020.1825657 · Cited by 42
The impact of maternal characteristics, infant temperament and contextual factors on maternal responsiveness to infant
Tester‐Jones, M., O’Mahen, H., Watkins, E. R., & Karl, A. (2015) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.02.014 · Cited by 34
Effects of maternal depressive symptoms on sensitivity to infant distress and non-distress: Role of SES and race
Norcross, P. L., Bailes, L. G., & Leerkes, E. M. (2020) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101498 · Cited by 33
“For example, mothers with elevated depressive symptoms interact with their infants less, are more withdrawn, and are less responsive to infant cues (Field, 2010; Jones, Field, Hart, Lundy, & Davalos, 2001).”
Background
Pathways from Maternal Distress and Child Problem Behavior to Adolescent Depressive Symptoms
Nilsen, W., Gustavson, K., Røysamb, E., Kjeldsen, A., & Karevold, E. (2013) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e318293ab05 · Cited by 36
Peripartum depression in parents with multiple sclerosis and psychiatric disorders in children
Razaz, N., Tremlett, H. L., Marrie, R. A., & Joseph, K. S. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516631037 · Cited by 34
Associations Among Mothers’ Depression, Emotional and Learning-Material Support to Their Child, and Children's Cognitive Functioning: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study
Wu, V. H., East, P. L., Delker, E., Blanco, E., Caballero, G., Delva, J., Lozoff, B., & Gahagan, S. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13071 · Cited by 33
“Indeed, depression has been widely linked to mothers’ disengaged parenting, or less sensitive and playful interactions and lower levels of verbal responsivity and engagement (Field, 2010; Goodman, 2007).”
Background
Mother-child interaction: implications of chronic maternal anxiety and depression
Dib, E. P., Padovani, F. H. P., & Perosa, G. B. (2019) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-019-0123-6 · Cited by 33
“It can also be assumed that anxiety and depression are components of the same process of general psychological stress, since there is data showing that 30% to 58% of patients with symptoms of depression present comorbidity with symptoms of anxiety (Field, 2010).”
Background
Emotional Development Within the Family Context
Leerkes, E. M., & Bailes, L. G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17332-6_24 · Cited by 35
The effectiveness of Nurture and Play: a mentalisation-based parenting group intervention for prenatally depressed mothers
Salo, S., Flykt, M. S., Mäkelä, J., Biringen, Z. C., Kalland, M., Pajulo, M., & Punamäki, R. (2019) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423619000914 · Cited by 32
“Depressed mothers have been shown to have specific problems in sensitive attunement, using less physical touch and in a less affectionate manner, and using of more negative vocal behaviour and less-infant directed speech (Field, 2010; 2011).”
BackgroundResult
Exposure to Racism and Other Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Perinatal Women with Moderate to Severe Mental Illness
Kim, H. G., Kuendig, J. M., Prasad, K., & Sexter, A. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00550-6 · Cited by 39
“2006; Field 2010), and higher risk for self-harm (Lindahl et al.”
Background
Affectionate Touch in the Context of Breastfeeding and Maternal Depression Influences Infant Neurodevelopmental and Temperamental Substrates
Hardin, J. S., Jones, N. A., Mize, K. D., & Platt, M. (2021) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000511604 · Cited by 33
Postnatal Depression: The Role of “Good Mother” Ideals and Maternal Shame in a Community Sample of Mothers in Australia
Sonnenburg, C., & Miller, Y. D. (2021) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-021-01239-0 · Cited by 41
“…impact on women’s wellbeing, PND is associated with impaired motherinfant interactions and caregiving practices which can increase infants’ vulnerability to negative outcomes concerning attachment, cognitive and emotional development, and physical health (Field, 2010; Murray & Cooper, 1997).”
Background
Association between urban green space and postpartum depression, and the role of physical activity: a retrospective cohort study in Southern California
Sun, Y., Molitor, J., Benmarhnia, T., Avila, C. C., Chiu, V. Y., Slezak, J. M., Sacks, D. A., Chen, J., Getahun, D., & Wu, J. Y. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2023.100462 · Cited by 36
Rumination decreases parental problem-solving effectiveness in dysphoric postnatal mothers
O’Mahen, H., Boyd, A., & Gashe, C. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.09.007 · Cited by 33
“…deficits that include greater use of emergencymedical services, less use of preventative medical services (e.g., vaccinations), reduced safety practices (e.g., using a car seat), and greater use of harsh punishments (i.e., slapping face, spanking with an object) (see Field, 2010 for a review).”
BackgroundInfluential
A systematic review of acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine for postpartum depression
Yang, L., Di, Y. M., Shergis, J. L., Li, Y., Zhang, A. L., Lu, C., Guo, X., & Xue, C. C. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.08.006 · Cited by 34
The psychosocial impact of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy as a predictor of postpartum depression
Bray, N. A., Grasby, K. L., Lind, P. A., Painter, J. N., Colodro‐Conde, L., & Medland, S. E. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319859048 · Cited by 33
“Furthermore, disturbed mother–infant interactions, and inadequate caregiving and safety practices associated with PPD (Field, 2010), may increase the risk for adverse infant social–emotional and cognitive developmental outcomes (O’Hara and McCabe, 2013).”
Background
Infants' emotional security: The confluence of parental depression, Interparental conflict, and parenting
Schudlich, T. D. R., Jessica, N. W., Erwin, S. E. A., & Rishor, A. (2019) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.05.006 · Cited by 32
Effects of parenting interventions for mothers with depressive symptoms and an infant: systematic review and meta-analysis
Rayce, S. B., Rasmussen, I. S., Væver, M. S., & Pontoppidan, M. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.89 · Cited by 37
“20,21 Maternal depression is a major risk for the infant.”
Newborn Behavioral Observation, maternal stress, depressive symptoms and the mother-infant relationship: results from the Northern Babies Longitudinal Study (NorBaby)
Høifødt, R. S., Nordahl, D., Landsem, I. P., Csifcsák, G., Bohne, A., Pfuhl, G., Rognmo, K., Braarud, H. C., Goksøyr, A., Moe, V., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02669-y · Cited by 31
Association between prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and postpartum depressive symptoms: A multi-city cohort study
Duan, C.-C., Li, C., Xu, J.-J., He, Y., Xu, H., Zhang, D., Yang, J., Yu, J., Zeng, W.-T., Wang, Y., et al. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.112786 · Cited by 33
Enablers and Barriers to Seeking Help for a Postpartum Mood Disorder
Foulkes, M. (2011) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01264.x · Cited by 33
Peripartum depression and anxiety as an integrative cross domain target for psychiatric preventative measures
Babb, J. A., Deligiannidis, K. M., Murgatroyd, C., & Nephew, B. C. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.039 · Cited by 32
Controlling Parenting Behaviors in Parents of Children Born Preterm: A Meta-Analysis
Toscano, C., Soares, I., & Mesman, J. (2019) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000762 · Cited by 32
“It is well known that parental psychological distress represents a risk factor for the mother’s inability to interact with her baby in a positive way, with the mother often engaging in an intrusive, overstimulating behavioral pattern.(1,10) Furthermore, because of their biological and neurological immaturity, preterm…”
Background
Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms from pregnancy to 11 years postpartum: Findings from Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort
Mughal, M. K., Giallo, R., Arshad, M., Arnold, P. D., Bright, K. S., Charrois, E. M., Rai, B., Wajid, A., & Kingston, D. E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.023 · Cited by 32
Prenatal Exposure to Nonpersistent Environmental Chemicals and Postpartum Depression
Jacobson, M. H., Hamra, G. B., Monk, C. E., Crum, R. M., Upadhyaya, S. G., Avalos, L. A., Bastain, T. M., Barrett, E. S., Bush, N. R., Dunlop, A. L., et al. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.3542 · Cited by 32
Maternal Depressive Symptoms During the Pre- and Postnatal Periods and Infant Attention to Emotional Faces
Kataja, E., Karlsson, L., Leppänen, J. M., Pelto, J., Häikiö, T., Nolvi, S., Pesonen, H., Parsons, C. E., Hyönä, J., & Karlsson, H. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13152 · Cited by 46
An educational intervention for NICU staff decreased maternal postpartum depression
Ahlqvist‐Björkroth, S., Axelin, A., Korja, R., & Lehtonen, L. (2019) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0306-y · Cited by 33
Emotional Availability in Samples of Mothers at High Risk for Depression and With Substance Use Disorder
Frigerio, A., Porreca, A., Simonelli, A., & Nazzari, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00577 · Cited by 33
“…mothers, those with a diagnosis of clinical depression have been reported to be less involved in vocal and visual communication with them (Field, 2010), to be less sensitive and responsive to their cues (Easterbrooks et al., 2000; Trapolini et al., 2008; Vliegen et al., 2009) as well as…”
Background
Interactive sequences between fathers and preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
Stefana, A., Lavelli, M., Rossi, G., & Beebe, B. A. (2019) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104888 · Cited by 31
Infant emotion regulation and cortisol response during the first 2 years of life: Association with maternal parenting profiles
Wu, Q., & Feng, X. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21965 · Cited by 40
Becoming a better parent: Mice learn sounds that improve a stereotyped maternal behavior
Dunlap, A. G., Besosa, C., Pascual, L. M., Chong, K. K., Walum, H., Kacsoh, D. B., Tankeu, B. B., Lu, K., & Liu, R. C. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104779 · Cited by 31
“Importantly, interactions with infants can be socially rewarding, and thus infant reinforcement may shape how an animal learns to improve maternal care over time - a topic of potential clinical relevance [21].”
Maternal Depression Trajectories Relate to Youths’ Psychosocial and Cognitive Functioning at Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Chae, H. K., East, P. L., Delva, J., Lozoff, B., & Gahagan, S. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01849-4 · Cited by 31
“…and detachment stemming from depression lead mothers to be less warm and affectionate toward their children (i.e., a parenting explanation; Field 2010; Lovejoy et al. 2000), we hypothesize that youth of mothers experiencing chronic and severe depression will evidence more problematic…”
BackgroundInfluential
Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation in decreasing depression symptoms during the peripartum period: A systematic review
Pacheco, F., Guiomar, R. N. R. M., Brunoni, A. R., Buhagiar, R., Evagorou, O., Roca, A., Poleszczyk, A., den Berg, M. P. L., Caparrós-González, R. A., Fonseca, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.005 · Cited by 31
Causal mechanisms of postnatal depression among women in Gondar town, Ethiopia: application of a stress-process model with generalized structural equation modeling
Dadi, A. F., Mwanri, L., Woodman, R. J., Azale, T., & Miller, E. R. (2020) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-020-00912-z · Cited by 31
“It also reduces the maternal quality of life [9] due to higher risk of back pain, reduced feelings of self-worth, increased thoughts of self-harm and suicidal ideation [10], insomnia, negative parenting behavior and in extreme cases the risk of committing infanticide [11].”
Background
Chronicity and severity of maternal postpartum depression and infant sleep disorders: A population-based cohort study in southern Brazil
Pinheiro, K. A. T., Pinheiro, R. T., Silva, R. A. D., Coelho, F. M. D. C., Quevedo, L. D. Á., Godoy, R. V., Jansen, K., Lessa Horta, B., & Oses, J. P. (2011) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.12.006 · Cited by 30
Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and biomarkers for postpartum depressive symptoms: an umbrella review
Kim, J. H., Kim, J. Y., Lee, S., Lee, S., Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Dragioti, E., Jacob, L., Carvalho, A. F., Raduà, J., et al. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104761 · Cited by 36
Gene expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of postpartum depression patients
Pan, D., Xu, Y., Zhang, L., Qizhu, S., Chen, M., Li, B., Xiao, Q., Gao, Q., Peng, X., Jiang, B., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28509-4 · Cited by 30
Associations Between Maternal Postpartum Depression, Infant Social Behavior With a Stranger, and Infant Cognitive Development
Smith‐Nielsen, J., Lange, T., Wendelboe, K. I., von Wowern, R. K., & Væver, M. S. (2019) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12287 · Cited by 30
Obsessive-compulsive symptoms, intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms: a longitudinal study examining relation to maternal responsiveness
Miller, M. L., & O’Hara, M. W. (2019) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2019.1652255 · Cited by 30
“A robust association has been found between the current or recent history of maternal depression and reduced maternal responsiveness (Field, 2010; Pearson et al., 2012).”
Background
Prenatal tobacco smoking is associated with postpartum depression in Japanese pregnant women: The japan environment and children's study
Cui, M., Kimura, T., Ikehara, S., Dong, J.-Y., Ueda, K., Kawanishi, Y., Kimura, T., & Iso, H. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.145 · Cited by 30

Authors: Field, T.
Affiliations: University of Miami (US)
Corresponding author: Field, Tiffany
ORCID: Field, Tiffany
Venue: Infant Behavior and Development
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-02
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-6
ISSN: 0163-6383 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.005
PMC: PMC2819576
OpenAlex: W2055689655
Cited by: 1,493
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 51 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 217 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 108 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 45
FWCI: 3.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Infant Behavior and Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: NIH (AT# 00370)
March of Dimes Grant (# 12-FYO3-48)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
Keywords: postpartum depression, mother-infant interaction, maternal sensitivity, parenting practices, breastfeeding, infant feeding practices, infant immunization, child safety practices, early intervention, universal screening, paternal depression, infant massage, psychotherapy
MeSH terms: Child Rearing, Fathers, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Parenting, Depression, Postpartum

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Postpartum depression effects on early interactions, parenting, and safety practices: A review

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