Two thirds of the age-based changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence, perceptual speed, and memory in adulthood are shared
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Genetic and environmental factors, including longer education, greater physical activity, demanding leisure activities, and bilingualism, affect individual differences in reserve.
“Genetic55 and environmental factors,54,56 including longer education,32 greater physical activity,57 active participation in demanding leisure activities58 and bilingualism59,60 impact individual differences in reserve.”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [54]
The Discussion (page not provided) suggests that lifestyle and common genetic variation may contribute to individual differences in rates of cognitive decline. It does not establish that these factors affect individual differences in reserve. The specific examples in the sentence have separate citations and are not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFactor analysis studies have left numerous questions unresolved, in part because they do not agree on the number or nature of dissociable factors relevant to aging.
“While influential and informative, factor analysis studies have left numerous questions unresolved, in part because these studies do not agree on the number or nature of dissociable factors relevant to aging (Ghisletta, Rabbit, Lunn & Lindenberger, 2012; Goh, An, & Resnick, 2012; Tucker-Drob, 2011).”
From When does cognitive functioning peak? The asynchronous rise and fall of different cognitive abilities across the life span (2015) · cites this paper as Ghisletta, Rabbit, Lunn & Lindenberger, 2012
The Conclusions (section 3.2; page unavailable) say that behavioral evidence cannot establish the number or nature of the underlying factors, supporting the claim that questions remain unresolved. The Exploratory factor analysis results (section 2.2; page unavailable) report different two- and eight-factor solutions within this study, but do not establish that studies disagree with one another. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProxy measures of reserve may engage different neural mechanisms, each important for a different aspect of reserve, such as neural capacity or neural efficiency.
“In addition, it is likely that proxy measures of reserve may engage different neural mechanisms, each important for a different aspect reserve, such neural capacity (the total amount of neural resources available for cognition) or neural efficiency (using less neural resources—often operationalized as neural activity—to perform a cognitive task).54,56”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [54]
The Discussion considers shared and domain-specific mechanisms of age-related cognitive decline, but does not discuss proxy measures of reserve or distinguish neural capacity from neural efficiency. Searches for those terms and for cognitive-reserve proxies found no passage addressing the attributed claim; the Conclusions also say the behavioral evidence cannot establish the nature of the underlying factors. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDevelopment of expertise is associated with richer and more differentiated conceptual representations, which can attenuate age-related decline in the domain of expertise.
“The development of expertise is associated with the presence of richer and more differentiated conceptual representations, which can attenuate age-related decline in the domain of expertise.54,65–67”
From Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing (2018) · cites this paper as [54]
The Abstract reports age-related cognitive decline, and the Discussion notes that some variation in decline is domain-specific. Neither passage addresses whether expertise produces richer conceptual representations or attenuates decline in an expert domain. Searches for expertise and domain-specific protection found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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References 41 · Cited by 115
- Authors
- Ghisletta, P., Rabbitt, P., Lunn, M., & Lindenberger, U.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ghisletta, Paolo
- Venue
- Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 260-268
- ISSN
- 0160-2896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053643060
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 10.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- cognitive aging, cognitive decline, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, perceptual speed, memory, vocabulary, individual differences, longitudinal cognitive assessment
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