Melatonin Prevents Endothelial Dysfunction in SLE by Activating the Nuclear Receptor Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptor-α
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease confers significant morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A substantial proportion of patients with SLE display accelerated endothelial dysfunction, which precedes cardiovascular disease. Melatonin and its nuclear receptor retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) have been reported to have some protective effects on the development of atherosclerosis. However, the function of melatonin in SLE-induced endothelial dysfunction and the role that RORα plays are still unknown. In this study, we found that RORα protein expression was decreased in aortas of lupus-prone mice and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured with medium containing sera of patients with SLE. Melatonin-treated HUVECs showed a decrease of pro-inflammatory mRNAs [interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] under the stimulation of SLE medium. Melatonin increased nitric oxide and antioxidant mRNAs (SOD1, GPX1, and CAT) and downregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in HUVECs, which may subsequently delay endothelial senescence and promote HUVEC proliferation and repair after injury. Melatonin inhibited SLE medium-induced RAW264.7 macrophage migration. HUVECs pretreated with melatonin expressed less adhesion-related proteins (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1); as a result, these cells adhered to fewer peripheral blood monocytes. In addition, we also showed that the protective effects of melatonin on endothelial cells were largely diminished when RORα was knockdown in HUVECs. In conclusion, by targeting the nuclear receptor RORα, melatonin preserves normal functions of endothelium in SLE by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-senescence effects. RORα may have the potential to become a prophylactic or therapeutic target in preventing endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with SLE.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Melatonin treatment inhibits sodium nitroprusside-mediated NO release in neuroblastoma cells and increases transcripts for SOD1, GPx1, and CAT in HUVEC.
“For example, inhibition of sodium nitroprusside-mediated NO release and increased production of transcripts coding for antioxidant enzymes (i.e., SOD1, GPx1 and CAT) have been reported upon melatonin treatment in neuroblastoma cells and HUVEC, respectively [451,453].”
From The Role of Antioxidants in the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Senescence (2022) · cites this paper as [453]
Cites
1 retracted
Jumnongprakhon, P., Govitrapong, P., Tocharus, C., & Tocharus, J. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.049 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
RetractedHochberg, M. C. (1997) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780400928 · Cited by 11,409 · see citing works
Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and the Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis
Gimbrone, M. A., & García‐Cardeña, G. (2016) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.115.306301 · Cited by 3,554 · see citing works
Roles of vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Förstermann, U., Xia, N., & Li, H. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.309326 · Cited by 1,519 · see citing works
Lisnevskaia, L., Murphy, G., & Isenberg, D. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60128-8 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Jetten, A. M. (2009) · Nuclear Receptor Signaling · doi:10.1621/nrs.07003 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Vascular oxidative stress, nitric oxide and atherosclerosis
Li, H., Horke, S., & Förstermann, U. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.001 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and vascular inflammation in aging
Assar, M. E., Angulo, J., & Rodríguez‐Mañas, L. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.003 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Vascular endothelium, hemodynamics, and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis
Gimbrone, M. A., & García‐Cardeña, G. (2012) · Cardiovascular Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2012.06.006 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Age-Related Intimal Stiffening Enhances Endothelial Permeability and Leukocyte Transmigration
Huynh, J., Nishimura, N., Rana, K., Peloquin, J. M., Califano, J. P., Montague, C. R., King, M. R., Schaffer, C. B., & Reinhart‐King, C. A. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002761 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with SLE—mechanisms and management
Skaggs, B. J., Hahn, B. H., & McMahon, M. A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2012.14 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Mechanisms Involved in the Aging-Induced Vascular Dysfunction
Fuente, M. E. A. D. L., Angulo, J., Fernán, S. E., Peiró, C., Sánchez‐Ferrer, C. F., & Rodríguez‐Mañas, L. (2012) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00132 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Molecular mechanism of endothelial and vascular aging: implications for cardiovascular disease
Camici, G. G., Savarese, G., Akhmedov, A., & Lüscher, T. F. (2015) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv587 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A comprehensive update
Giannelou, M., & Mavragani, C. P. (2017) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.05.008 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Rippe, C., Lesniewski, L. A., Connell, M. L., LaRocca, T. J., Donato, A. J., & Seals, D. R. (2010) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00557.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Advanced age results in a diminished endothelial glycocalyx
Machin, D. R., Bloom, S. I., Campbell, R. A., Phuong, T. T. T., Gates, P. E., Lesniewski, L. A., Rondina, M. T., & Donato, A. J. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00104.2018 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Hu, Z.-P., Fang, X., Nan, F., Wang, X., Qian, H., Cao, Z., Cheng, Y., Wang, B., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12085 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ding, S. Z., Lin, N., Sheng, X., Zhao, Y., Su, Y., Xu, L., Tong, R., Yang, Y., Fu, Y., He, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12581 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Melatonin inhibits LPS‐induced NO production in rat endothelial cells
Tamura, E. K., Cecon, E., Monteiro, A. W. A., Silva, C. L. M., & Markus, R. P. (2009) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00657.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bruce, I. N., Burns, R. J., Gladman, D., & Mb, U. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Roles of Cells from the Arterial Vessel Wall in Atherosclerosis
Wang, D., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., & Wang, Y. (2017) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2017/8135934 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Melatonin and its atheroprotective effects: A review
Favero, G., Rodella, L. F., Reiter, R. J., & Rezzani, R. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.016 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Lee, F., Sun, C., Sung, P., Chen, K., Chua, S. O., Sheu, J., Chung, S., Chai, H., Chen, Y., Huang, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12489 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Atehortúa, L., Rojas, M., Vásquez, G. M., & Castaño, D. (2017) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2017/9680729 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Xu, L., Su, Y., Zhao, Y., Sheng, X., Tong, R., Ying, X., Gao, L., Ji, Q., Gao, Y., Yang, Y., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12579 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Nox2 regulates endothelial cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via p21cip1 and p53
Li, J., Fan, L. M., George, V. T., & Brooks, G. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.06.001 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationSystemic lupus erythematosus and atherosclerosis: Review of the literature
Frieri, M., & Stampfl, H. (2015) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.08.007 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Update on cardiovascular disease in lupus
Lewandowski, L. B., & Kaplan, M. J. (2016) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000000307 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Yan, J., Wang, J., Huang, H., Huang, Y., Mi, T., Zhang, C., & Zhang, L. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationThe NADPH oxidases NOX4 and DUOX2 regulate cell cycle entry via a p53-dependent pathway
Salmeen, A. E., Park, B. O., & Meyer, T. (2010) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2010.200 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Xie, M., Hu, A., Luo, Y., Sun, W., Hu, X., & Tang, S. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jiménez‐Caliani, A. J., Jiménez‐Jorge, S., Molinero, P., Fernández-Santos, J. M., Martín‐Lacave, I., Rubio, A., Guerrero, J. M., & Osuna, C. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0648 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Morgan, R. G., Walker, A. E., Trott, D. W., Machin, D. R., Henson, G. D., Reihl, K. D., Cawthon, R., Denchi, E. L., Liu, Y., Bloom, S. I., et al. (2018) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.11.014 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Turgut, M., Erdoğan, S., Ergin, K., & Serter, M. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.056 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
RORα1 and RORα4 suppress TNF‐α‐induced VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 expression in human endothelial cells
Migita, H., Satozawa, N., Lin, J.-H., Morser, J., & Kawai, K. (2003) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01502-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Decreased Daily Melatonin Levels in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - A Short Report
Robeva, R. N., Tanev, D., Кirilov, G., Stoycheva, M., Tomova, A., Kumanov, P., Rashkov, R. K., & Kolarov, Z. (2013) · Balkan Medical Journal · doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8064 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pan, B., Yang, H., Wu, Z., Qazi, I. H., Liu, G., Han, H., Meng, Q., & Zhou, G. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19124029 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Shao, G., Zhang, S., Nie, J., Li, J., & Tong, J. (2017) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287394.2017.1384171 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, H., Chen, D., Pu, J., Yuan, A., Fu, Q., Li, J., Leng, L., Bucala, R., Ye, S., & Lu, L. (2019) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105874 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 40 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mechanisms of NAT10 as ac4C writer in diseases
Xie, L., Zhong, X., Cao, W., Liu, J., Zu, X., & Chen, L. (2023) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2023.03.023 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The Role of Antioxidants in the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Senescence
Varesi, A., Chirumbolo, S., Campagnoli, L. I. M., Pierella, E., Piccini, G. B., Carrara, A., Ricevuti, G., Scassellati, C., Bonvicini, C., & Pascale, A. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11071224 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Therapeutic Algorithm for Use of Melatonin in Patients With COVID-19
Reiter, R. J., Abreu-González, P., Marik, P. E., & Domínguez‐Rodríguez, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00226 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The Role and Mechanism of Oxidative Stress and Nuclear Receptors in the Development of NAFLD
Hong, T., Chen, Y., Li, X., & Lü, Y. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/6889533 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
ROR: Nuclear Receptor for Melatonin or Not?
Ma, H., Kang, J., Fan, W., He, H., & Huang, F. P. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26092693 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Jin, P., Duan, X., Huang, Z., Dong, Y., Zhu, J., Guo, H., Tian, H., Zou, C., & Xie, K. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02270-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Epitranscriptomic N4-Acetylcytidine Profiling in CD4+ T Cells of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Guo, G., Shi, X., Wang, H., Ye, L., Tong, X., Yan, K., Ding, N., Chen, C., Zhang, H., & Xue, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00842 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
McCarty, M. F., Assanga, S. B. I., Luján, L. M. L., O’Keefe, J. H., & DiNicolantonio, J. J. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010047 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
New insights into the role of melatonin in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Huang, K., Luo, X., Zhong, Y., Deng, L., & Feng, J. (2022) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.904 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Giménez, V. M. M., Chuffa, L. G. D. A., Simão, V. A., Reiter, R. J., & Manucha, W. A. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120191 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yones, S. A., Annett, A., Stoll, P., Diamanti, K., Holmfeldt, L., Barrenäs, F., Meadows, J. R. S., & Komorowski, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10853-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Role of melatonin in mitigation of insulin resistance and ensuing diabetic cardiomyopathy
Nath, A., Ghosh, S., & Bandyopadhyay, D. (2024) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122993 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gut microbiota: a novel strategy affecting atherosclerosis
Yang, L., Yang, J., Zhang, T., Xie, X., & Wu, Q. (2025) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00482-24 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Melatonin, an Antitumor Necrosis Factor Therapy
Álvarez‐López, A. I., Cruz‐Chamorro, I., Lardone, P. J., Bejarano, I., Hinostroza, K. A. A., Ponce‐España, E., Santos‐Sánchez, G., Álvarez‐Sánchez, N., & Carrillo‐Vico, A. (2024) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.70025 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ni, W., Zou, Z., Jiang, P., & Wang, S. (2024) · Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators · doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106821 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Roles of distinct nuclear receptors in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Zheng, Y., Xu, Y., Ji, L., San, W., Shen, D., Zhou, Q., Meng, G., Shi, J., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1423124 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Macrophages Unmasked: Their Pivotal Role in Driving Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Wang, C., Chen, B., Yu, X., & Guan, X. (2025) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-025-09025-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yılmaz, S. A., & Öner, P. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365513.2023.2175236 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yu, Y., & Zhu, T. (2022) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2022.63.6.554 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Feng, G., Liao, Z., Wang, Y., Tang, Q., Li, N., Cheng, L., Liu, Y., Liu, R., Cui, M., Fan, W., et al. (2025) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-025-00445-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cao, S., & Wang, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1766970 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effect of Spermidine on Endothelial Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Mice
Kim, H., & Massett, M. P. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25189920 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mahmood, N. M. S., Mahmud, A. M. R., & Maulood, I. M. (2024) · Al-mağallaẗ al-ʻirāqiyyaẗ li-l-ʻulūm al-bayṭariyyaẗ/Iraqi journal of veterinary sciences · doi:10.33899/ijvs.2023.144712.3324 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Li, K., Feng, J., Li, M., Han, L., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/mi/2003124 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
de Moraes, L. H. O., & Buzinari, T. C. (2025) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-025-04708-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tu, W., Feng, M., Zhou, Q., Wang, Y., Wan, M., Gong, D., Li, J., & Du, Y. (2024) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2024.12646 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe physiological and pathological roles of RNA modifications in T cells
Deng, Y. L., Zhou, J., & Li, H. (2024) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.06.003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, X., Wang, C., & Guan, X. (2025) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2025.103488 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationNuclear receptors as therapeutic targets in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders
Li, F., Chen, Q., Dai, Y., & Lu, L. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.114042 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMahmood, N. M. S., Mahmud, A. M. R., & Maulood, I. M. (2024) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2024.2445264 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mechanisms of interaction of melatonin with lymphocytes
Куклина, Е. М., & Glebezdina, N. S. (2023) · Вестник Пермского университета. Серия: Биология · doi:10.17072/1994-9952-2023-2-195-204
Melatonin: Diagnostic evidence and therapeutic roles in systemic lupus erythematosus
Hosseinzadeh, A., Seirafianpour, F., Sheibani, M., Naeini, A. J., Reiter, R. J., & Mehrzadi, S. (2025) · Current Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cmp.2025.11.001
Circadian rhythm and the molecular clock in endothelial function of the cardiovascular system
Jiang, Y., Li, T., Tian, Y., Jia, B., Gu, C., Zhang, T., Yang, Y., Zhang, Q., & Yu, G. (2026) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-026-05483-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, F., Xu, M., 肖慧勤, Hu, P., & Zhang, W. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1766359
RORα: a critical nexus in the crosstalk between cholesterol metabolism and macrophage polarization
Li, D., Liu, G., Wen, X., Zhang, G., Liu, K., Yuan, L., Yu, B., & An, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1831854
Mechanisms of Carrageenan-Induced Immune Inflammation and Thrombosis: A Narrative Review
Ma, X., Wu, D., & Huang, R. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15203727
- Authors
- Huang, H., Liu, X., Chen, D., Lu, Y., Li, J., Du, F., Zhang, C., & Lu, L.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Yikang
- Zhang, Chunyan
- Lu, Liangjing
- Venue
- International Immunopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 83
- Pages
- 106365
- ISSN
- 1567-5769 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3012139004
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 1.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2020-09-01)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Immunopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0909000)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81974251)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Keywords
- melatonin, RORα, systemic lupus erythematosus, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, lupus-prone mice, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, endothelial cell senescence, oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory activity, macrophage migration, monocyte adhesion, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, nitric oxide, antioxidant enzymes, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- RAW 264.7 Cells, Superoxide Dismutase-1, Animals, Endothelium, Humans, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Melatonin, Cytokines, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, Inflammation Mediators, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, RNA, Small Interfering, Atherosclerosis, Mice, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review