Offensive, aggressive, and hate speech analysis: From data-centric to human-centered approach

The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data

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BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

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Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation

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RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach

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Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer

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Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information

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Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters.

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ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none

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Taxonomy of Risks posed by Language Models

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Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Models

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Detection and moderation of detrimental content on social media platforms: current status and future directions

Gongane, V. U., Munot, M. V., & Anuse, A. D. (2022) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-022-00951-3 · Cited by 153

A Literature Review of Textual Hate Speech Detection Methods and Datasets

Alkomah, F., & Ma, X. (2022) · Information · doi:10.3390/info13060273 · Cited by 167

A survey on hate speech detection and sentiment analysis using machine learning and deep learning models

Subramanian, M., Easwaramoorthy, S. V., Deepalakshmi, G., Cho, J., & Manikandan, G. (2023) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2023.08.038 · Cited by 116

Toward a Perspectivist Turn in Ground Truthing for Predictive Computing

Cabitza, F., Campagner, A., & Basile, V. (2023) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v37i6.25840 · Cited by 114

Is Your Toxicity My Toxicity? Exploring the Impact of Rater Identity on Toxicity Annotation

Goyal, N., Kivlichan, I. D., Rosen, R., & Vasserman, L. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555088 · Cited by 76

EnsMulHateCyb: Multilingual hate speech and cyberbully detection in online social media

Mahajan, E., Mahajan, H., & Kumar, S. (2023) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121228 · Cited by 59

Human-centered neural reasoning for subjective content processing: Hate speech, emotions, and humor

Kazienko, P., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Kanclerz, K., Karanowski, K., Miłkowski, P., & Kocoń, J. (2023) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2023.01.010 · Cited by 38

Learning Personal Human Biases and Representations for Subjective Tasks in Natural Language Processing

Kocoń, J., Gruza, M., Bielaniewicz, J., Grimling, D., Kanclerz, K., Miłkowski, P., & Kazienko, P. (2021) · Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icdm51629.2021.00140 · Cited by 38

Deep learning approach to detect cyberbullying on twitter

Oğuz, Ç., & Yağanoğlu, M. (2024) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-024-19869-3 · Cited by 38

Personal Bias in Prediction of Emotions Elicited by Textual Opinions

Miłkowski, P., Gruza, M., Kanclerz, K., Kazienko, P., Grimling, D., & Kocoń, J. (2021) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.acl-srw.26 · Cited by 34

Detecting abusive comments at a fine-grained level in a low-resource language

Chakravarthi, B. R., Priyadharshini, R., Banerjee, S., Jagadeeshan, M. B., Kumaresan, P. K., Ponnusamy, R., Benhur, S., & McCrae, J. P. (2023) · Natural Language Processing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nlp.2023.100006 · Cited by 36

Automated Text Annotation Using a Semi-Supervised Approach with Meta Vectorizer and Machine Learning Algorithms for Hate Speech Detection

Saifullah, S., Dreżewski, R., Dwiyanto, F. A., Aribowo, A. S., Fauziah, Y., & Cahyana, N. H. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14031078 · Cited by 32

Controversy and Conformity: from Generalized to Personalized Aggressiveness Detection

Kanclerz, K., Figas, A., Gruza, M., Kajdanowicz, T. J., Kocoń, J., Puchalska, D., & Kazienko, P. (2021) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.460 · Cited by 32

Predicting the Hate: A GSTM Model based on COVID-19 Hate Speech Datasets

Wu, X.-K., Zhao, T.-F., Lu, L., & Chen, W. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102998 · Cited by 34

Why Don’t You Do It Right? Analysing Annotators’ Disagreement in Subjective Tasks

Sandri, M., Leonardelli, E., Tonelli, S., & Jezek, E. (2023) · Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.eacl-main.178 · Cited by 31

Personalized Large Language Models

Woźniak, S., Koptyra, B., Janz, A., Kazienko, P., & Kocoń, J. (2024) · 2024 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW) · doi:10.1109/icdmw65004.2024.00071 · Cited by 28

Perspectivist approaches to natural language processing: a survey

Frenda, S., Abercrombie, G., Basile, V., Pedrani, A., Panizzon, R., Cignarella, A. T., Marco, C. S., & Bernardi, D. (2024) · Language Resources and Evaluation · doi:10.1007/s10579-024-09766-4 · Cited by 31

The language and targets of online trolling: A psycholinguistic approach for social cybersecurity

Uyheng, J., Moffitt, J. D., & Carley, K. M. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103012 · Cited by 32

Recognizing misogynous memes: Biased models and tricky archetypes

Rizzi, G., Gasparini, F., Saibene, A., Rosso, P., & Fersini, E. (2023) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2023.103474 · Cited by 30

Hate speech detection in the Bengali language: a comprehensive survey

Maruf, A. A., Abidin, A. J., Haque, M. M., Jiyad, Z. M., Golder, A., Alubady, R., & Aung, Z. (2024) · Journal Of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-024-00956-z · Cited by 30

AnnoBERT: Effectively Representing Multiple Annotators’ Label Choices to Improve Hate Speech Detection

Yin, W., Agarwal, V., Jiang, A., Zubiaga, A., & Sastry, N. (2023) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v17i1.22198 · Cited by 25

Multitask Personalized Recognition of Emotions Evoked by Textual Content

Miłkowski, P., Saganowski, S., Gruza, M., Kazienko, P., Piasecki, M., & Kocoń, J. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops) · doi:10.1109/percomworkshops53856.2022.9767502 · Cited by 20

From Big to Small Without Losing It All: Text Augmentation with ChatGPT for Efficient Sentiment Analysis

Woźniak, S., & Kocoń, J. (2023) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw60847.2023.00108 · Cited by 23

UserIdentifier: Implicit User Representations for Simple and Effective Personalized Sentiment Analysis

Mireshghallah, F., Shrivastava, V., Shokouhi, M., Berg-Kirkpatrick, T., Sim, R., & Dimitriadis, D. (2022) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.252 · Cited by 23

Learning interpretable word embeddings via bidirectional alignment of dimensions with semantic concepts

Şenel, L. K., Şahi̇nuç, F., Yücesoy, V., Schütze, H., Çukur, T., & Koç, A. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102925 · Cited by 20

Tamil Offensive Language Detection: Supervised versus Unsupervised Learning Approaches

Balakrishnan, V., Govindan, V., & Govaichelvan, K. N. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing · doi:10.1145/3575860 · Cited by 16

Pathos in Natural Language Argumentation: Emotional Appeals and Reactions

Konat, B., Gajewska, E., & Rossa, W. (2024) · Argumentation · doi:10.1007/s10503-024-09631-2 · Cited by 21

The Origin and Value of Disagreement Among Data Labelers: A Case Study of Individual Differences in Hate Speech Annotation

Sang, Y., & Stanton, J. M. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96957-8_36 · Cited by 15

Differential Dataset Cartography: Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Comparative Personalized Sentiment Analysis

Kocoń, J., Baran, J., Kanclerz, K., Kajstura, M., & Kazienko, P. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35995-8_11 · Cited by 14

Sentimental analysis & Hate speech detection on English and German text collected from social media platforms using optimal feature extraction and hybrid diagonal gated recurrent neural network

Kar, P., & Debbarma, S. (2023) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107143 · Cited by 13

A web framework for information aggregation and management of multilingual hate speech

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Towards a systematic approach to manual annotation of code smells

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Integrating personalized and contextual information in fine-grained emotion recognition in text: A multi-source fusion approach with explainability

Ngo, A., & Kocoń, J. (2025) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2025.102966 · Cited by 14

Addressing Challenges in Hate Speech Detection Using BERT-Based Models: A Review

Aljawazeri, J. A., & Jasim, M. N. (2024) · Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics · doi:10.52866/ijcsm.2024.05.02.001 · Cited by 13

How Crowd Worker Factors Influence Subjective Annotations: A Study of Tagging Misogynistic Hate Speech in Tweets

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Deep-SHEEP: Sense of Humor Extraction from Embeddings in the Personalized Context

Bielaniewicz, J., Kanclerz, K., Miłkowski, P., Gruza, M., Karanowski, K., Kazienko, P., & Kocoń, J. (2022) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw58026.2022.00125 · Cited by 10

Bilingual hate speech detection on social media: Amharic and Afaan Oromo

Ababu, T. M., Woldeyohannis, M. M., & Getaneh, E. B. (2025) · Journal Of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-024-01044-y · Cited by 13

Modeling Uncertainty in Personalized Emotion Prediction with Normalizing Flows

Miłkowski, P., Karanowski, K., Wielopolski, P., Kocoń, J., Kazienko, P., & Zięba, M. (2023) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw60847.2023.00103 · Cited by 10

Hate Speech Patterns in Social Media: A Methodological Framework and Fat Stigma Investigation Incorporating Sentiment Analysis, Topic Modelling and Discourse Analysis

Wanniarachchi, V. U., Scogings, C. J., Sušnjak, T., & Mathrani, A. (2023) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v27i0.3929 · Cited by 9

AspectEmo: Multi-Domain Corpus of Consumer Reviews for Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis

Kocoń, J., Radom, J., Kaczmarz-Wawryk, E., Wabnic, K., Zajaczkowska, A., & Zaśko-Zielińska, M. (2021) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw53433.2021.00027 · Cited by 9

Federated Learning for Exploiting Annotators’ Disagreements in Natural Language Processing

Rodríguez-Barroso, N., Martínez‐Cámara, E., Camacho-Collados, J., Luzón, M. V., & Herrera, F. (2024) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00664 · Cited by 8

Dynamics of hate speech in social media: insights from Indonesia

Margono, H., Saud, M., & Ashfaq, A. (2024) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-11-2023-0464 · Cited by 25

Sentir el odio: análisis de la gravedad percibida de los discursos de odio en la población española

Brändle, G., Zapatero, M. D. C., & Rebollo, M. A. P. (2024) · Revista Española de Sociología · doi:10.22325/fes/res.2024.219 · Cited by 10

OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS AND THE NEED FOR NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THIS DEVELOPMENT

Prokopowicz, D. (2023) · International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0054.2699 · Cited by 8

From prejudice to marginalization: Tracing the forms of online hate speech targeting LGBTQ+ and Muslim communities

Ünlü, A., Truong, S., Sawhney, N., Tammi, T., & Kotonen, T. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448241312900 · Cited by 11

Confront hate with AI: how AI-generated counter speech helps against hate speech on social Media?

Wu, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., & Pang, Y. (2025) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2025.102304 · Cited by 9

Fortifying NLP models against poisoning attacks: The power of personalized prediction architectures

Ferdinan, T., & Kocoń, J. (2024) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102692 · Cited by 9

Causal effect of racial bias in machine learning algorithms affecting user persuasiveness & decision-making: An Empirical StudyPreprint

Sengupta, K., & Srivast, P. R. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2509731/v1 · Cited by 8

Four eyes, two truths: Explaining heterogeneity in perceived severity of digital hate against immigrants

Kirchmair, T., Koban, K., & Matthes, J. (2024) · Communications · doi:10.1515/commun-2023-0133 · Cited by 6

Leveraging User-Generated Comments and Fused BiLSTM Models to Detect and Predict Issues with Mobile Apps

Yafooz, W. M. S., & Alsaeedi, A. (2024) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2024.048270 · Cited by 6

MultiEmo: Language-Agnostic Sentiment Analysis

Miłkowski, P., Gruza, M., Kazienko, P., Szołomicka, J., Woźniak, S., & Kocoń, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08754-7_10 · Cited by 6

Multilingual and Language-Agnostic Recognition of Emotions, Valence and Arousal in Large-Scale Multi-domain Text Reviews

Kocoń, J., Miłkowski, P., Wierzba, M., Konat, B., Klessa, K., Janz, A., Riegel, M., Juszczyk, K., Grimling, D., Marchewka, A., et al. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05328-3_14 · Cited by 5

Towards Model-Based Data Acquisition for Subjective Multi-Task NLP Problems

Kanclerz, K., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Kocoń, J., Woźniak, S., & Kazienko, P. (2023) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw60847.2023.00099 · Cited by 5

Mapping the terrain of hate: identifying and analyzing online communities and political parties engaged in hate speech against Muslims and LGBTQ+ communities

Ünlü, A., Truong, S., & Kotonen, T. (2024) · International Journal of Data Science and Analytics · doi:10.1007/s41060-024-00571-4 · Cited by 5

Improving LLM-Based Recommender Systems with User-Controllable Profiles

Woźniak, S., Duszenko, J., Kocoń, J., & Kazienko, P. (2025) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3701716.3717734 · Cited by 7

Hidden Hate: Analysis of Hate Speech on a Darknet Forum

Logie, K., Cohen, N. D., Taylor, E., & Perry, K. (2025) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2025.2501544 · Cited by 4

Architectural Concepts for Integrating Fundamental Drives and Emotions Into Artificial Intelligence

Ferdinan, T., Mieleszczenko-Kowszewicz, W., Kocoń, J., & Kazienko, P. (2025) · IEEE Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/mis.2025.3622004 · Cited by 4

Deep Neural Language-agnostic Multi-task Text Classifier

Gawron, K., Pogoda, M., Ropiak, N., Swędrowski, M., & Kocoń, J. (2021) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw53433.2021.00023 · Cited by 4

Multi-model Analysis of Language-Agnostic Sentiment Classification on MultiEmo Data

Miłkowski, P., Gruza, M., Kazienko, P., Szołomicka, J., Woźniak, S., & Kocoń, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16014-1_14 · Cited by 4

Investigating the heterogeneous effects of a massive content moderation intervention via Difference-in-Differences

Cima, L., Tessa, B., Trujillo, A., Cresci, S., & Avvenuti, M. (2025) · Online Social Networks and Media · doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2025.100320 · Cited by 5

Language-based machine perception: linguistic perspectives on the compilation of captioning datasets

Hekanaho, L., Hirvonen, M., & Virtanen, T. I. (2024) · Digital Scholarship in the Humanities · doi:10.1093/llc/fqae029 · Cited by 4

See the words through my eyes: The role of personal traits in abusive language detection

Yao, T., Binnewies, S., Foo, E., & Alavi, M. (2025) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2025.127188 · Cited by 4

CLARIN-PL: a user centred language technology infrastructure

Piasecki, M., Dziob, A., Janz, A., Kocoń, J., Naskręt, T., Oleksy, M., Rudnicka, E. K., Walkowiak, T., Wieczorek, J., & Hwaszcz, K. (2025) · Language Resources and Evaluation · doi:10.1007/s10579-025-09839-y · Cited by 4

Toxic Text in Personas: An Experiment on User Perceptions

Salminen, J. O., Jung, S., Santos, J. M., de Lisboa, I. U., & Jansen, B. J. (2021) · AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.17705/1thci.00157 · Cited by 3

Confidence-based Ensembling of Perspective-aware Models

Casola, S., Lo, S. M., Basile, V., Frenda, S., Cignarella, A. T., Patti, V., & Bosco, C. (2023) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.212 · Cited by 4

SS-BERT: Mitigating Identity Terms Bias in Toxic Comment Classification by Utilising the Notion of "Subjectivity" and "Identity Terms"Preprint

Zhao, Z., Zhang, Z., & Hopfgartner, F. (2021) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.02691 · Cited by 3

Personalization of Affective State Recognition from Physiological Signals: A Review

Perz, B., & Kazienko, P. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5881-7_12 · Cited by 2

Explainable AI: Transformer-based Bangla Hate Speech Detection

Sultana, R., Tabassum, N., & Arefin, M. S. (2024) · International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT) · doi:10.1109/iccit64611.2024.11022118 · Cited by 2

Whom to pity, whom to scold? Effects of empathetic and normative AI-assisted interventions on aggressive Reddit users with different activity profiles

Tempska, P., Urbaniak, R., Dowgiałło, M., Ptaszynski, M. E., Zajączkowski, A., Milewska, M., Leliwa, G., Marcińczuk, M., Brochocki, M., & Wroczyński, M. (2025) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2025.104316 · Cited by 3

Supporting Online Toxicity Detection with Knowledge Graphs

Lobo, P. R., Daga, E., & Alani, H. (2022) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19398 · Cited by 2

Identifying Hate Speech and Attribution of Responsibility: An Analysis of Simulated WhatsApp Conversations during the Pandemic

Palazón-Fernández, J. L., Mata-Pérez, C., Gilart, E., Cotobal-Calvo, E. M., Cruz-Barrientos, A., & Bocchino, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11111564 · Cited by 2

Hate Speech in the Comments’ Column Instagram: A Discourse Analysis

Mubarok, Y., Sudana, D., & Gunawan, W. (2024) · Journal of Languages and Language Teaching · doi:10.33394/jollt.v12i1.9050 · Cited by 2

Model and evaluation: towards fairness in multilingual text classification

Lin, N., He, J., Tang, Z., Fang, J., Zhou, D., & Yang, A. (2026) · International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s13042-025-02824-5 · Cited by 4

IIVRS: an Intelligent Image and Video Rating System to Provide Scenario-Based Content for Different Users

Kang, R., & Rau, P. P. (2024) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwae034 · Cited by 1

Language, Culture, and Ideology: Personalizing Offensiveness Detection in Political Tweets with Reasoning LLMs

Pihulski, D., & Kocoń, J. (2025) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw69685.2025.00261 · Cited by 1

Troll Meme Classification for Tamil Memes Using Convolutional Neural Network

Nithya, K., Sathyapriya, S., Sulochana, M., Thaarini, S., & Dhivyaa, C. R. (2023) · Applied and Computational Engineering · doi:10.54254/2755-2721/2/20220636 · Cited by 1

From Generalized Laughter to Personalized Chuckles: Unleashing the Power of Data Fusion in Subjective Humor Detection

Bielaniewicz, J., & Kazienko, P. (2023) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw60847.2023.00098 · Cited by 1

Discurso de ódio na Espanha. Pesquisa sobre a percepção e a experiência da população

Barbosa, M. P. G., Blanco‐Herrero, D., Calderón, C. A., & Holgado, P. S. (2024) · Observatorio (OBS*) · doi:10.15847/obsobs18220242304 · Cited by 1

Understanding the low inter-rater agreement on aggressiveness on the Linux Kernel Mailing List

Bock, T., Schneider, N., Schmid, A., Apel, S., & Siegmund, J. (2025) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2025.112339 · Cited by 1

PCROD: Context Aware Role based Offensive Detection using NLP/ DL Approaches

Purnima, T., & Ch, K. (2023) · International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication · doi:10.17762/ijritcc.v11i1.5981 · Cited by 1

eevvgg at SemEval-2023 Task 11: Offensive Language Classification with Rater-based Information

Gajewska, E. (2023) · International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.semeval-1.24 · Cited by 1

Is it possible for ChatGPT to mimic human annotator?Preprint

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Broadening the ontology of threats verbalized in written communication on the Internet

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Playing HAVOK on the Chaos Caused by Internet TrollsPreprint

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An Analysis of Hate Speech Delivery by YouTube Users on Clara Dao’s Shorts Video Content: Impoliteness Theory

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An Optimal WordNet Based Emotional Word Extraction and Hybrid Deep Learning Classifier for Sentiment Analysis

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Improved Hierarchical Attention Networks for Cyberbullying Detection via Social Media Data

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See the Words Through My Eyes: The Role of Personality Traits in Abusive Language DetectionPreprint

Yao, T., Binnewies, S., Foo, E., & Alavi, M. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4880454

Discursos contrarios a la educación sexual en España

González, S. C., & Barbadillo, G. T. (2024) · Revista ICONO14 · doi:10.7195/ri14.v22i2.2086 · Cited by 3

Exploring the Potential of an AI-Based Twitch Moderation and Toxicity Detection Bot

Huth, J., Eichhorn, C., Plecher, D. A., & Pirker, J. (2025) · IEEE Conference on Games (CoG) · doi:10.1109/cog64752.2025.11114410

Annotated Slovak Datasets for Toxicity, Hate Speech, and Sentiment Analysis

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Automatic hate speech detection: a case study on online comments with a focus on self-victimisation and sentiment

Baider, F. H., Szczepaniak-Kozak, A., Strani, K., & Jaszczyk-Grzyb, M. (2025) · Applied Linguistics Review · doi:10.1515/applirev-2024-0129

Semantic Aggregated Adversarial Training Framework for Hate Speech Detection

Zhang, X., Tian, H., Zheng, X. B., Peng, J., & Zeng, D. D. (2026) · INFORMS journal on computing · doi:10.1287/ijoc.2023.0508

The making of a president, the making of an opponent: discursive constructions of Karol Nawrocki in left-liberal online commentary

Kosman, M. (2026) · East European Politics · doi:10.1080/21599165.2026.2666801

Breaking the classification bubble: Rethinking cyberbullying detection and detoxification as knowledge-guided reasoning systems

Nadeem, M., & Hongsong, C. (2026) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2026.101009

Sustainable AI solutions: A review of green technology for hate speech detection in vídeos

Setyawan, R. A., Surjono, H. D., & Wardani, R. (2026) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2027014

When the Majority is Wrong: Modeling Annotator Disagreement for Subjective Tasks

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“It’s Not Just Hate”: A Multi-Dimensional Perspective on Detecting Harmful Speech Online

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Modeling Annotator Perspective and Polarized Opinions to Improve Hate Speech Detection

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HurtLens: A Perspectivist Corpus Analysis of Hurtful Language

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Human-centered neural reasoning for subjective content processing: Hate speech, emotions, and humor

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