Pressure ulcers: Pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, and presentation

Abstract

Though preventable in the vast majority of cases, pressure ulcers continue to pose a major burden to the individual and society, affecting up to 3 million adults annually in the United States alone. Despite increased national attention over the past 20 years, the prevalence of pressure ulcers has largely remained unchanged, while associated costs of care continue to increase. Dermatologists can play a significant role in pressure ulcer prevention by becoming aware of at-risk populations and implementing suitable preventive strategies. Moreover, dermatologists should be able to recognize early changes that occur prior to skin breakdown and to properly identify and stage pressure ulcers so as to prevent delay of appropriate care. The aim of the first part of this continuing medical education article is to discuss the pathophysiology, risk factors, epidemiology, social and economic burden, and clinical presentation of pressure ulcers.