Influence of pyrolysis conditions and the nature of the wood on the quality of charcoal as a reducing agent
Open accessAbstract
The production of charcoal for metallurgical applications requires careful selection of the wood and control of the pyrolysis conditions to ensure acceptable charcoal quality. The main properties of charcoal to be considered are density, mechanical strength, and reactivity. In this study, charcoal was produced from two types of wood commonly used in the industry, Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) and Picea abies (spruce), in a pilot scale pyrolysis fixed bed reactor at three temperatures (500, 650 and 800 °C) and two solid residence times (0 and 90 min). The yields, composition, apparent density, true density, porosity, carbon structural ordering, friability, compressive strength and CO2 reactivity of the resulting charcoals were analyzed. A new method to test compressive strength was applied to a charcoal bed. Our results show that the nature of the wood has a much greater impact on these values than the pyrolysis operating conditions. Wood apparent density is not a good indicator of the mechanical behavior of charcoal. Despite its higher density, eucalyptus charcoal showed lower mechanical stability than spruce charcoal independently of the pyrolysis conditions. When the final pyrolysis temperature was increased, the mechanical strength, porosity of the charcoal increased and CO2 reactivity decreased. The impact of solid residence time during pyrolysis on the charcoal properties was negligible except for CO2 reactivity, which decreased with an increase in residence time.
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Higher bulk density could reduce biochar friability, making it denser and more resistant to weathering due to ordered crystallite formation.
“Higher bulk density could reduce biochar friability, making it denser and more resistant to weathering due to ordered crystallite formation [79].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [79]
Section 3.4.2 and the Conclusions link greater structural ordering and true density to lower friability in spruce charcoal. The paper does not establish that higher bulk density has this effect generally, and it does not assess resistance to weathering. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncreased heat treatment severity and devolatilization led to more micropore formation with reduced meso- and macropores, alongside shrinkage and volume reduction.
“Increased heat treatment severity and devolatilization led to more micropore formation with reduced meso-and macropores, alongside shrinkage and volume reduction [79].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [79]
Section 3.4.1 reports earlier findings of reduced charcoal volume and smaller pores at higher pyrolysis temperatures, which partly supports the claim. But the paper does not establish increased micropores or reduced meso- and macropores; Section 3.2 reports that overall porosity increased from 500 to 800 °C. It also describes volatile release producing large cracks and voids in eucalyptus charcoal, rather than a general reduction in large pores. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh pyrolysis temperatures and BRT reduce VC and reactivity.
“High pyrolysis temperatures and BRT reduce VC and reactivity [79,108,109].”
From Pilot-Scale Slow Pyrolysis, Post-Heat Treatment, and Self-Heating Performance of Biochar Fuels Derived from Construction, Renovation, and Demolition (CRD) Wood Waste (2026) · cites this paper as [79]
Section 3.1 reports that volatile-matter content falls as pyrolysis temperature and solid residence time increase. Section 3.5 reports lower CO₂ reactivity at higher temperatures, but the residence-time effect was significant only for spruce charcoal at 800 °C; no significant effect was observed for eucalyptus charcoal. The claim overgeneralizes the effect of residence time on reactivity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Dufourny, A., Van De Steene, L., Humbert, G., Guibal, D., Martin, L., & Blin, J.
- Affiliations
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Blin, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 137
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 0165-2370 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2898031601
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Agritrop (Cirad) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Coal and Coke Industries Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Iron and Steelmaking Processes
- Keywords
- charcoal, pyrolysis conditions, Eucalyptus globulus, Norway spruce, wood species, pyrolysis temperature, solids residence time, compressive strength, porosity, CO2 reactivity, apparent density, true density, friability, fixed-bed reactor
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