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A Randomized Trial to Assess Catheter Ablation Versus Rate Control in the Management of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure
Open accessAbstract
Objectives This study sought to compare catheter ablation with rate control for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) in heart failure (HF).Background The optimal therapy for AF in HF is unclear. Drug-based rhythm control has not proved clinically beneficial. Catheter ablation improves cardiac function in patients with HF, but impact on physiological performance has not been formally evaluated in a randomized trial.Methods In a randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint clinical trial, adults with symptomatic HF, radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) ≤35%, and persistent AF were assigned to undergo catheter ablation or rate control. Primary outcome was 12-month change in peak oxygen consumption. Secondary endpoints were quality of life, B-type natriuretic peptide, 6-min walk distance, and EF. Results were analyzed by intention-to-treat.Results Fifty-two patients (age 63 ± 9 years, EF 24 ± 8%) were randomized, 26 each to ablation and rate control. At 12 months, 88% of ablation patients maintained sinus rhythm (single-procedure success 68%). Under rate control, rate criteria were achieved in 96%. The primary endpoint, peak oxygen consumption, significantly increased in the ablation arm compared with rate control (difference +3.07 ml/kg/min, 95% confidence interval: 0.56 to 5.59, p = 0.018). The change was not evident at 3 months (+0.79 ml/kg/min, 95% confidence interval: -1.01 to 2.60, p = 0.38). Ablation improved Minnesota score (p = 0.019) and B-type natriuretic peptide (p = 0.045) and showed nonsignificant trends toward improved 6-min walk distance (p = 0.095) and EF (p = 0.055).Conclusions This first randomized trial of ablation versus rate control to focus on objective exercise performance in AF and HF shows significant benefit from ablation, a strategy that also improves symptoms and neurohormonal status. The effects develop over 12 months, consistent with progressive amelioration of the HF syndrome. (A Randomised Trial to Assess Catheter Ablation Versus Rate Control in the Management of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Chronic Heart Failure; NCT00878384).
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“For patients who develop HFrEF as a result of rapid AF (tachycardiomyopathy), a rhythm control strategy is preferred, based on several relatively small patient cohorts and trials reporting improved LV function after restoration of sinus rhythm.”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“Catheter ablation may be a useful method to restore LV function and quality of life in AF patients with HFrEF, 185,[226][227][228] but further data are needed.”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“In such patients, catheter ablation is more effective than antiarrhythmic drug therapy.185,586,713,[717][718][719][720]”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“Catheter ablation of AF is effective in restoring and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with symptomatic paroxysmal, persistent, and probably long-standing persistent AF -in general as second-line treatment after failure of or intolerance to antiarrhythmic drug therapy.”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“Fewer data are available reporting the effectiveness and safety of catheter ablation in patients with persistent or long-standing persistent AF, but all point to lower recurrence rates after catheter ablation compared to antiarrhythmic drug therapy with or without cardioversion.185,717,[723][724][725][726]1039”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“Fewer data are available reporting the effectiveness and safety of catheter ablation in patients with persistent or long-standing persistent AF, but all point to lower recurrence rates after catheter ablation compared to antiarrhythmic drug therapy with or without cardioversion.185,717,[723][724][725][726]1039”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [185]
In the citing paper
“Several smaller trials suggest improved LV function after catheter ablation in HFrEF patients 185, 226-228, 778, 779”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [185]
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BackgroundManagement of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Heart Failure: Time to Implement Ablation Control
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Vorgehen bei Vorhofflimmern mit tachykarder Überleitung
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“Long-term follow-up and refinement of patient selection for AF ablation as well as improved algorithms for anticoagulant therapies are needed.(90,91) Cost-effectiveness studies to assess these strategies are also crucial.”
BackgroundAtrial fibrillation ablation and left appendage closure in heart failure patients
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BackgroundCatheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in heart failure: untying the Gordian knot.
Javed, S., Koniari, I. C., Fox, D. J., Skene, C., Lip, G. Y. H., & Gupta, D. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.04.002 · Cited by 3
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Atrial Arrhythmias and Heart Failure
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How to Improve Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Benefit in Atrial Fibrillation Patients
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“019) at 1 year when compared to medical rate control in their RCT of 52 HF patients with LVEF ≤35% (30).”
BackgroundThe impact of age on ablation outcomes in AF‐mediated cardiomyopathy
Segan, L. A., Chieng, D., Sugumar, H., Voskoboinik, A., Ling, L., Costello, B. T., Azzopardi, S. M., Nderitu, Z., Parameswaran, R., Amerena, J. V., et al. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/jce.16052 · Cited by 2
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“ARC-HF (2013) [22] 52 (0) Persistent AF, NYHA II–IV, Pharmacological rate control Change in peak VO2 1 24 Beneficial effect of CA on and LVEF ≤ 35% (RNVG) peak VO2, QOL CAMTAF (2014) [23] 50 (0) Persistent AF, NYHA II–IV, Pharmacological rate control Change in LVEF (TTE) 0.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAtrial fibrillation and its relation to cardiac diseases and sudden cardiac death
Šmı́d, J., & Rokyta, R. (2017) · Cor et Vasa · doi:10.1016/j.crvasa.2017.06.005 · Cited by 2
How to Improve Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Benefit in Atrial Fibrillation Patients
Gianni, C., Biase, L. D., Mohanty, S., Gökoğlan, Y., Günes, M. F., Al‐Ahmad, A., Burkhardt, J. D., & Natale, A. (2015) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2015.08.007 · Cited by 2
“In contrast, two more recent trials, ARC-HF and CAMTAF, showed a significant improvement in exercise capacity and QoL with AF ablation compared with pharmacologic rate control.(36,37) The CAMTAF trial also showed improvement in LVEF with AF ablation, whereas in the ARC-HF the difference between groups was not signific…”
ResultApproach to Arrhythmia in Heart Failure
Gaïta, F., Anselmino, M., & Matta, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45237-1_12 · Cited by 2
Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Therapeutic Options
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Who Needs Catheter Ablation And Which Approach?
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Is Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm of Value in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure?
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“10 , 16 , 18, 19”
Ciszewski, J. B., Tajstra, M., Kowalik, I., Maciąg, A., Chwyczko, T., Jankowska, A., Bąk, E. S., Firek, B., Zając, D., Karwowski, J., et al. (2024) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-024-02541-z · Cited by 2
“Sinus rhythm control may positively affect the prognosis of patients with HF as it was proven in the CASTLE-AF, the AMICA and, recently, in the CASTLE HTx trials [20–23].”
The Timing and Role of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Heart Failure Patients
Batul, S. A., & Gopinathannair, R. (2018) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-018-0587-4 · Cited by 2
Randomized Clinical Trials of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Congestive Heart Failure
Terricabras, M., Piccini, J. P., & Verma, A. (2019) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2019.01.003 · Cited by 2
Mechanisms of Improved Mortality Following Ablation
Bunch, T. J., May, H. T., Afshar, K., Alharethi, R. A., & Day, J. D. (2019) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2019.01.011 · Cited by 2
Kondo, H., & Takahashi, N. (2023) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-22-0823 · Cited by 2
Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
Spitz, A. Z., & Zeitler, E. P. (2024) · Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccep.2024.08.005 · Cited by 1
Meine Patienten dürfen am Abend nach der Pulmonalvenenisolation nach Hause
Schumacher, B., de Waha, S., & Tilz, R. R. (2024) · Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie · doi:10.1007/s00399-024-01050-w · Cited by 1
Shang, L., Shao, M., Zhu, M., Li, J., Gao, M., & Hou, Y. (2024) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2511418 · Cited by 1
Maidman, S. D., Aizer, A., Jankelson, L., Holmes, D., Park, D. S., Bernstein, S., Knotts, R. J., Kushnir, A., Chinitz, L. A., & Barbhaiya, C. R. (2024) · Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology · doi:10.1007/s10840-024-01965-x · Cited by 1
“The mean LVEF improvement observed in these trials ranged from 5 to 11%, and LVEF following AF ablation frequently increased to greater than 35% [1, 2, 4, 5].”
InfluentialCatheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure—Therapy or Futility?
Golan, Y. B.-B., & Lambiase, P. D. (2025) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2024.0870 · Cited by 1
Kanai, M., Yazaki, K., Ejima, K., Kataoka, S., Hasegawa, S., Higuchi, S., Yagishita, D., Shoda, M., & Yamaguchi, J. (2025) · Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2025.11.005 · Cited by 1
Diretriz Brasileira de Fibrilação Atrial – 2025
Cintra, F. D., Pisani, C. F., Rezende, A. G. D. S., Henz, B. D., Armaganijan, L., Pimentel, M., Lópes, R. D., do Nascimento, T. A., Lorga-Filho, A. M., de Albuquerque, A., et al. (2025) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20250618 · Cited by 21
Amin, A. M., Gadelmawla, A. F., Najah, Q., Awashra, A., Abdelsayed, K., Abdelazeem, B., Felpel, K. D., Kaplan, R. M., & Winterfield, J. R. (2025) · Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology · doi:10.1007/s10840-025-02197-3 · Cited by 1
“Several RCTs showed that catheter ablation was more beneficial than medical therapy in patients with AF and HFrEF [9, 20–22].”
Gao, H., Li, J., Yu, K., Xu, L. W., Da, S., Liu, T., Wei, Q., & Liu, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1656420 · Cited by 1
Oishi, H., Kondo, T., Ito, R., Kazama, S., Haga, T., Murase, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Furui, K., Kaneko, S., Imai, H., et al. (2026) · Heart and Vessels · doi:10.1007/s00380-026-02716-w · Cited by 1
Optimizing therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure
Mulder, B. A. (2015) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 1
Hakimian, S., Camacho, J. C., Silvestri, E. G., AbdelMalak, F., Donath, E. M., & Chait, R. D. (2017) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000464403 · Cited by 1
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Chronic Heart Failure: A Contemporary Review
Matta, M., Gaïta, F., & Anselmino, M. (2017) · Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management · doi:10.19102/icrm.2017.080304 · Cited by 1
Caheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in prevention of stroke
Fiala, M. (2017) · Intervenční a akutní kardiologie · doi:10.36290/kar.2017.011 · Cited by 1
EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY OF RADIOFREQUENCY CATHETER ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN ELDERLY PATIENTS
Fedorova, M. H., Чапурных, А. В., Нижниченко, В. Б., Lakomkin, S. V. L., & Doshicin, V. L. (2017) · Journal of clinical practice · doi:10.17816/clinpract8234-41 · Cited by 1
“Следовательно, у пожилых пациентов с отягощенным коморбидным фоном, медикаментозной рефрактерностью к антиаритмичес-ким препаратам, РЧА может стать ключевой стратегией лечения [31-36].”
Zhang, C., Luo, H., Xu, Y., Wang, J., Shi, Y., & Zhang, P. (2018) · Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.26502/fccm.92920033 · Cited by 1
“Therefore, 11 RCTs investigating 8 different rate control or rhythm control therapies were included in this network meta-analysis (Figure 1) [8-18].”
BackgroundAgasthi, P., Tseng, A. S., Lee, J. Z., & Mulpuru, S. K. (2019) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2019.01.004 · Cited by 1
Imaging for Risk Stratification in Atrial Fibrillation with Heart Failure
Yamashita, K., & Ranjan, R. (2019) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2019.01.007 · Cited by 1
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure: from Evidences to Guidelines
Cirasa, A., Greca, C. L., & Pecora, D. (2021) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-021-00508-z · Cited by 1
Hemodynamic Management of Patients with Ejection Fraction < 50% Undergoing Pulmonary Vein Ablation
Lakkireddy, D. (2020) · Journal of Atrial Fibrillation · doi:10.4022/jafib.20200439 · Cited by 1
“EF <40% 156 74 (17/23)† 96(22/23) 32 (7/22) 111 (5) 35 61 9”
InfluentialThe Year in Review of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology
Marcus, G. M., Keung, E. C., & Scheinman, M. M. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.050 · Cited by 1
“In the ARC-HF (A Randomised Trial to Assess Catheter Ablation Versus Rate Control in the Management of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Chronic Heart Failure) trial, 52 patients with symptomatic HF, a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 35%, and persistent AF were randomized to catheter ablation or rate control…”
Method2021 Korean Heart Rhythm Society Guidelines for Catheter or Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Lim, W., Shim, J., Lee, J., & Joung, B. (2022) · Korean Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjm.2022.97.1.5 · Cited by 1
“좌심실 박출률이 저하된 심부전이 동반된 심방세동 환자의 일부에서 생존률을 개선시키고 심부전 입원을 줄이기 위해 고려해야 한다[14,48,52-56,58,59,157-159,162].”
Management of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in Heart Failure—an Interventionalist’s Point of View
Gencher, J. A., Hawkins, N. M., Deyell, M. W., & Andrade, J. G. (2022) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-022-00543-4 · Cited by 1
Lü, L., Daixu, L. I., & Guishuang, L. I. (2023) · Minerva Gastroenterology · doi:10.23736/s2724-5985.23.03415-0 · Cited by 1
Long, S., Sun, Y., Xiao, X., Wang, Z., Sun, W., Gao, L., Xia, Y., & Yin, X. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd10100437 · Cited by 1
“Successful restoration and sustenance of sinus rhythm (SR) through catheter ablation are anticipated to enhance left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular (LV) dimensions, exercise endurance, and overall quality of life [7,8].”
BackgroundCui, Y., Yao, J., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., Chen, T., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20230214 · Cited by 1
Yao, Y., Li, B., Jia, X., Chen, Z., Cai, X., Han, J., Zhou, X., Luo, W., Lü, Z., Long, D., et al. (2024) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.14901 · Cited by 1
“5 – 8 Previous randomized clinical trials were focused on ablation for AF with HFrEF.”
BackgroundCatheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction
Khuziakhmetov, R. D., Shishkina, E., Кайыпбекович, К. Б., Belov, V. A., Azizov, S. N., & Khlynova, O. V. (2024) · Journal of Arrhythmology · doi:10.35336/va-1356 · Cited by 1
Role of catheter ablation in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation
Jung, M.-S., & Park, H. (2025) · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjim.2024.284 · Cited by 1
Jones, D. G., & Wong, T. (2013) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.2217/fca.13.56 · Cited by 1
Atrial fibrillation ablation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Liu, Y., & Li, D. (2019) · Interventional Cardiology · doi:10.37532/fmic.2019.11(6).637 · Cited by 1
“The study showed PVI to be superior to AV node ablation and bi-ventricular pacing with respect to the primary endpoint [18-21].”
MethodResultInfluentialA Meta-Regression Analysis of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure
Ruzieh, M., Moroi Morgan, K., Aboujamous, N. M., Mehrdad, G., Naccarelli, G. V., Matthew, N., Kanjwal, K., & Foy, A. (2019) · Journal of Atrial Fibrillation · doi:10.4022/jafib.2180 · Cited by 1
“al.[3] and in 46 patients in the CASTLE AF trial.”
BackgroundInfluentialRate or Rhythm Control of Atrial Fibrillation – Pearls for the Internist
Huang, W., Keng, F. Y. J., & Ching, C. K. (2017) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v46n11p433 · Cited by 1
Adeliño, R., Villuendas, R., Sarrias, A., & Bisbal, F. (2020) · REC CardioClinics · doi:10.1016/j.rccl.2020.02.002 · Cited by 1
Lakkireddy, D. (2020) · Journal of Atrial Fibrillation · doi:10.4022/jafib.20200428 · Cited by 1
Catheter Ablation for Rate-Controlled Atrial Fibrillation
Wazni, O. M., & Chung, M. K. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.040 · Cited by 1
“Nevertheless, taken together with the results of the recent ablation versus medical therapy studies in heart failure, in which ablation was associated with better outcomes, the positive results of this study should encourage the rethinking of current guidelines, especially in heart failure patients in whom maintenance…”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Jones, D. G., Haldar, S. K., Hussain, W., Sharma, R., Francis, D. P., Rahman-Haley, S. L., McDonagh, T. A., Underwood, S. R., Markides, V., & Wong, T.
- Affiliations
- National Health Service (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Tom
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1894-1903
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2159999579
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 12
- FWCI
- 20.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- St. Jude Medical
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
- Keywords
- persistent atrial fibrillation, heart failure, catheter ablation, rate control, peak oxygen uptake, exercise capacity, left ventricular ejection fraction, brain natriuretic peptide, quality of life, 6-minute walk distance, sinus rhythm maintenance, cardiac rehabilitation, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Atrial Fibrillation, Double-Blind Method, Electrocardiography, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Conduction System, Heart Failure, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life, Ventricular Function, Left, Treatment Outcome, Catheter Ablation, Young Adult
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