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Molecular properties of food allergens
Abstract
Plant food allergens belong to a rather limited number of protein families and are also characterized by a number of biochemical and physicochemical properties, many of which are also shared by food allergens of animal origin. These include thermal stability and resistance to proteolysis, which are enhanced by an ability to bind ligands, such as metal ions, lipids, or steroids. Other types of lipid interaction, including membranes or other lipid structures, represent another feature that might promote the allergenic properties of certain food proteins. A structural feature clearly related to stability is intramolecular disulfide bonds alongside posttranslational modifications, such as N-glycosylation. Some plant food allergens, such as the cereal seed storage prolamins, are rheomorphic proteins with polypeptide chains that adopt an ensemble of secondary structures resembling unfolded or partially folded proteins. Other plant food allergens are characterized by the presence of repetitive structures, the ability to form oligomers, and the tendency to aggregate. A summary of our current knowledge regarding the molecular properties of food allergens is presented. Although we cannot as yet predict the allergenicity of a given food protein, understanding of the molecular properties that might predispose them to becoming allergens is an important first step and will undoubtedly contribute to the integrative allergenic risk assessment process being adopted by regulators.
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“Furthermore, the carbohydrate chains normally exert a stabilizing effect on protein structure, offering protection towards processing and/or gastroduodenal digestion and thus contributing to the allergenic potential [11].”
From Influence of the Carbohydrate Moieties on the Immunoreactivity and Digestibility of the Egg Allergen Ovomucoid (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Various biochemical and biophysical characteristics, such as thermal stability, pH stability, resistance to proteolysis, ligand interaction etc. have been associated with the allergenicity of proteins (Breiteneder & Mills, 2005).”
BackgroundLipid transfer protein in diagnosis of birch–apple syndrome in children
Cudowska, B., Kaczmarski, M. G., & Restani, P. (2007) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.07.006 · Cited by 15
Sletten, G. B. G., Holden, L., Egaas, E., & Fæste, C. K. (2008) · Food and Agricultural Immunology · doi:10.1080/09540100802350963 · Cited by 15
“In general, interactions between allergens and other food components, are poorly understood, in particular their effects on the allergenicity of food proteins (Breiteneder & Mills, 2005).”
BackgroundIndustrial dimensions of food allergy
Crevel, R. (2005) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2005454 · Cited by 15
“Knowledge of the functional family to which a protein belongs can help form a judgement on the probability of it being allergenic, but is not sufficiently predictive on its own (Breiteneder & Mills, 2005).”
Backgroundde Jong, G. A. H., Jayasena, S., Johnson, P. E., Marsh, J. T., Apostolović, D., van Hage, M., Nordlee, J. A., Baumert, J. L., Taylor, S. L., Roucairol, C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03140 · Cited by 14
Myrset, H. R., Fæste, C. K., Kristiansen, P. E., & Dooper, M. M. B. W. (2013) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000350791 · Cited by 14
Li, Z., Luo, Y., Feng, L., & Liao, P. (2012) · Food and Agricultural Immunology · doi:10.1080/09540105.2012.712951 · Cited by 14
“…to possess allergenic potential. b-LG is very stabile against peptic digestion under acidic conditions, and this phenomenon is considered to correlate with its high allergenicity (Breiteneder & Mills, 2005; Maier, Okun, Pittner, & Lindner, 2006; Schmidt, Meijer, Slangen, & Van Beresteijn, 1995).”
BackgroundLuo, C., Chen, G., Ahmed, I., Sun, L., Li, W., Pavase, T. R., & Li, Z. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo00575h · Cited by 13
Monikh, F. A., Chupani, L., Karkossa, I., Gardian, Z., Arenas-Lago, D., von Bergen�, M., Schubert, K. A., Piačková, V., Zusková, E., Jiskoot, W., et al. (2021) · NanoImpact · doi:10.1016/j.impact.2021.100315 · Cited by 13
Diversity in Seed Storage Proteins and Their Genes in Buckwheat
Chrungoo, N. K., Dohtdong, L., & Chettry, U. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803692-1.00031-6 · Cited by 13
The value of position-specific scoring matrices for assessment of protein allegenicity
Lim, S. J., Tong, J. C., Chew, F. T., & Tammi, M. T. (2008) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-s12-s21 · Cited by 13
Boye, J. I., Danquah, A., Thang, C., & Zhao, X. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118308035.ch42 · Cited by 13
Ismail, I., & Huda, N. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91001-9.00004-9 · Cited by 12
Food hypersensitivity reactions in atopic dermatitis patients and analysis of contomitant diseases
Čelakovská, J., Bukač, J., & Ettler, K. (2014) · Food and Agricultural Immunology · doi:10.1080/09540105.2014.900531 · Cited by 12
“Oral exposure to the food proteins is usually well tolerated because they are unstable in the presence of digestive enzymes (Breiteneder & Mills, 2005).”
BackgroundHigh pressure processing of milk
Huppertz, T. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845699420.4.373 · Cited by 12
(GMO), E. P. O. G. M. O., Naegeli, H., Bresson, J., Dalmay, T., Dewhurst, I. C., Epstein, M. M., Firbank, L. G., Guerche, P., Hejátko, J., Moreno, F. J., et al. (2021) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6424 · Cited by 12
“It has been shown, for example, that when characteristics of known food allergens are examined, one of the most prominent traits attributed to food allergens is protein stability (Helm, 2001; Breiteneder and Mills, 2005; Costa et al., 2021).”
Fernandes, T. J. R., Costa, J. S., Carrapatoso, I., Oliveira, M. B. P. P., & Mafra, I. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1113157 · Cited by 12
Unraveling the mysteries of food allergens: aptamer-driven detection and suppression strategies.
Ding, M., Duan, M.-X., Wu, S.-J., & Duan, N. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117021 · Cited by 10
Peanut allergens: new consolidated findings on structure, characteristics and allergom
Becker, W. M., Petersen, A., & Jappe, U. (2018) · Allergologie select · doi:10.5414/alx01418e · Cited by 11
“Another interesting observation is the fact that 11S-storage proteins tend to form aggregates, which when cooked can form gellike structures [13].”
BackgroundWu, S., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., Raghavan, V., Dong, P., Zhang, X., Han, J., Wang, R., Tang, Y., Waterhouse, G. I. N., et al. (2025) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105016 · Cited by 11
Characterization of 2S albumin allergenic proteins for anaphylaxis in common buckwheat
Katsube‐Tanaka, T., & Monshi, F. I. (2022) · Food Chemistry Molecular Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100127 · Cited by 11
“T. Katsube-Tanaka and F.I. Monshi Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences 5 (2022) 100127 and proteolytic denaturation (Breiteneder and Mills, 2005).”
Disulfide-related proteomic studies on food allergens
Yano, H. (2009) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1586/epr.09.64 · Cited by 11
Ramadan, S., Marsh, J. T., El-Sherbeny, G. A., El‐Halawany, E. F., Luan, F., Baumert, J. L., Johnson, P. E., Osman, Y. A., & Goodman, R. E. (2020) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111866 · Cited by 11
Fei, S., Zhou, J., Wu, Y., Tong, P., Gao, J., Chen, H., & Li, X. (2021) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130030 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Breiteneder, H., & Mills, E. N. C.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Quadram Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Breiteneder, Heimo
- Venue
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-23
- ISSN
- 0091-6749 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043345697
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Keywords
- food allergens, plant food allergens, protein stability, thermal stability, protease resistance, metal ion binding, lipid binding, membrane binding, disulfide bonds, N-glycosylation, seed storage proteins, prolamin, protein secondary structure, protein aggregation, allergenicity prediction
- MeSH terms
- Allergens, Animals, Cell Membrane, Food Hypersensitivity, Glycosylation, Humans, Ligands, Metals, Protein Binding, Steroids, Temperature, Plant Proteins, Dietary, Protein Structure, Secondary, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Lipid Metabolism
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