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Seasonal increases in peripheral innate lymphoid type 2 cells are inhibited by subcutaneous grass pollen immunotherapy
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“Allergen challenge in AR subjects induces an increased number of peripheral serum ILC2s332,333; however, a similar increase in the nasal mucosa is yet to be demonstrated.”
From International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (2018) · cites this paper as [333]
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Cites
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Wirtz, S. J., Schulz-Kuhnt, A., Neurath, M. F., & Atreya, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.688879 · Cited by 19
“Consistent with their role as drivers of asthma symptoms, ILC2s were increased during the allergy season (92) and their local numbers in the lung increased significantly after segmented allergen challenge and went along with an increased expression of genes related to type 2 immunity (93).”
BackgroundGroup 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis
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“Innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2), for example, have been recently reported to decrease dramatically after successful grass pollen subcutaneous immunotherapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis [14].”
BackgroundThe effects of resiquimod in an ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis model
Qu, S., Qin, T., Li, M., Zhang, S., Ye, L., Wei, J., Fan, H., & Chen, B. (2018) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.015 · Cited by 15
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L-Phenylalanine is a metabolic checkpoint of human Th2 cells
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The Inhibition of Group II Innate Lymphoid Cell Response by IL‐27 in Allergic Rhinitis
Luo, X., Zeng, Q., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Liu, W., & Luo, R. (2020) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2020/6661524 · Cited by 14
“Studies have found that the frequency of ILC2 in the peripheral blood of AR patients sensitized to pollen increased in pollen season [13].”
Human Immune Monitoring Techniques during Food Allergen Immunotherapy
Rust, B. J., & Wambre, E. R. (2017) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-017-0689-y · Cited by 13
LNIT-Local nasal immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis: revisited evidence and perspectives
Kanjanawasee, D., & Tantilipikorn, P. (2022) · Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1097/aci.0000000000000830 · Cited by 12
Allergen Immunotherapy in children with respiratory allergic diseases
Arasi, S., Pajno, G. B., Panasiti, I., Sandoval, M., & Lozano, M. A. (2020) · Minerva Pediatrics · doi:10.23736/s0026-4946.20.05959-9 · Cited by 12
NLRP3 priming due to skin damage precedes LTP allergic sensitization in a mouse model
Pazos‐Castro, D., Klein, Z. G., Yuste‐Montalvo, A., Hernández‐Ramírez, G., Romero‐Sahagun, A., Esteban, V., Garrido‐Arandia, M., Tomé‐Amat, J., & Díaz‐Perales, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07421-y · Cited by 12
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“Research confirmed that SCIT to patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis can reduce ILC2 percentage in the peripheral blood, comparing to patients who did not receive subcutaneous desensitization [6].”
BackgroundPersonalized therapies for the treatment of allergic rhinitis
Licari, A., Castagnoli, R., Tosca, M. A., Marseglia, G. L., & Ciprandi, G. (2019) · Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development · doi:10.1080/23808993.2019.1681896 · Cited by 12
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Novel Approaches to Allergen Immunotherapy for Respiratory Allergies
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Self-citationTherapeutic vaccines for allergic disease
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Zheng, Y., & Subiza, J. L. (2025) · Allergy medicine. · doi:10.1016/j.allmed.2025.100065 · Cited by 10
de Sousa, T. R., Sgnotto, F. D. R., Fagundes, B. O., Duarte, A. J. D. S., & Victor, J. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Allergy · doi:10.3389/falgy.2021.650235 · Cited by 10
“Lastly, it was also demonstrated that ILC2 cells increase during the grass pollen season and are inhibited by subcutaneous immunotherapy (60), suggesting some importance to ILC2 cell maturation in the therapeutic context.”
BackgroundTenn, M. W., Thiele, J., Steacy, L. M., Adams, D. E., & Ellis, A. K. (2018) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.13614 · Cited by 10
“These findings suggest that in pollen‐sensitized asymptomatic individuals, the change in peripheral ILC2s after a high‐dose pollen challenge may better reflect symptom severity compared to post‐challenge measurements alone, as observed in symptomatic individuals during pollen season.(5) To investigate local ILC2 respo…”
ResultWang, W., & Yin, J. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.12817 · Cited by 10
Falquet, M., Ercolano, G., Jandus, P., Jandus, C., & Trabanelli, S. (2021) · Journal of Asthma and Allergy · doi:10.2147/jaa.s304126 · Cited by 11
“patients responding to allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), but not in non-responders.(53) To evaluate whether”
BackgroundMagnan, A., Nicolas, J., Caimmi, D. P., Vocanson, M., Haddad, T., Colas, L., Scurati, S., Mascarell, L., & Shamji, M. H. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13020324 · Cited by 10
“During AIT, both ILC2s and ILC10s are rebalanced.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGotoh, M., & Kaminuma, O. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10020147 · Cited by 9
Allergen immunotherapy: progress and future outlook
Šošić, L., Paolucci, M., Flory, S., Jebbawi, F., Kündig, T. M., & Johansen, P. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2023.2209319 · Cited by 9
“With the course of AIT, a decrease in the production of TH2 cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and an upregulation of TH1 (e.g. IFN-γ) and regulatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10 and TGF-β) is expected [131].”
BackgroundInfluentialPlasticity and regulatory mechanisms of human ILC2 functions
Maggi, L., Capone, M., Mazzoni, A., Liotta, F., Cosmi, L., & Annunziato, F. (2020) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2020.08.004 · Cited by 9
Dogmas, challenges, and promises in phase III allergen immunotherapy studies
de Kam, P., Kramer, M. F., Shamji, M. H., Oluwayi, K., Heath, M. D., Jensen‐Jarolim, E., Berger, M., Berger, U. E., Graessel, A., Sellwood, F., et al. (2021) · World Allergy Organization Journal · doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100578 · Cited by 10
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Immunology of allergen immunotherapy
Rahman, R., & Wesemann, D. R. (2022) · Immunotherapy Advances · doi:10.1093/immadv/ltac022 · Cited by 8
Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy
Steveling, E. H. (2016) · European Medical Journal · doi:10.33590/emj/10314632 · Cited by 8
Self-citationPotential Effects of AIT on Nonspecific Allergic Immune Responses or Symptoms
Nakagome, K., Fujio, K., & Nagata, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12113776 · Cited by 7
Pavlova, K. S., Kurbacheva, O. M., Galitskaya, M. A., & Smirnov, D. S. (2017) · Russian Journal of Allergy · doi:10.36691/rja290 · Cited by 7
Evolution of Immunotherapy Against Pollen Allergy
Gianni, M. (2023) · Current Protein and Peptide Science · doi:10.2174/1389203724666230303091754 · Cited by 7
Liu, Y., Yao, Y., Wang, Z.-Z., Ning, Q., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1111/cea.13128 · Cited by 7
“On the contrary, the frequency of peripheral ILCs decreases in AR patients after subcutaneous immunotherapy, which is possibly due to the suppression mediated by IL-10 Tregs.(54) Tregs suppress the function of ILC2s through IL-10 and TGF-b production and/or inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS)-ICOS ligand interaction,…”
BackgroundInnate Lymphoid Cells in Airway Inflammation
Pasha, M. A., & Yang, Q. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_11 · Cited by 7
Anti-inflammatory roles of interleukin-35 in the pathogenesis of Japanese cedar pollinosis
Kouzaki, H., Arai, Y., Nakamura, K., Murao, T., Tojima, I., Shimizu, S., Yuta, A., & Shimizu, T. (2021) · Asia Pacific Allergy · doi:10.5415/apallergy.2021.11.e34 · Cited by 7
“Th2 cells and ILC2s produce type 2 cytokines and are important inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of AR [16], and B cells also play crucial roles by producing antigen-specific IgE.”
BackgroundGrass Pollen Immunotherapy: Where are We Now
Würtzen, P. A., Gupta, S., Brand, S., & Andersen, P. S. (2016) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt.16.1 · Cited by 7
c-Rel Is Required for IL-33-Dependent Activation of ILC2s
Zaini, A., Fulford, T. S., Grumont, R. J., Runting, J., Rodrigues, G., Ng, J., Gerondakis, S., Zaph, C., & Scheer, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.667922 · Cited by 6
Roles of Clara cell 10-kD protein and type 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic rhinitis
Long, X., Wang, N., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.1080/15384101.2021.1966961 · Cited by 6
“Increased levels of ILC2s were found in AR patients’ peripheral blood [15].”
BackgroundEffects of subcutaneous immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis children sensitive to dust mites
Lin, Y., Liu, J., He, J., Wu, L., Li, S., Cheng, B., Shao, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Tang, L., et al. (2023) · Allergologia et Immunopathologia · doi:10.15586/aei.v51i1.666 · Cited by 6
Allergen immunotherapy for respiratory allergies in clinical practice: A comprehensive review
Lao‐Araya, M., Sompornrattanaphan, M., Kanjanawasee, D., & Tantilipikorn, P. (2022) · Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.12932/ap-260722-1418 · Cited by 6
“18-20 18-20 Although, skewing of innate and adaptive immune response to a regulatory phenotype is a key event of successful clinical improvement by AIT, the immunological markers which can be consistently correlated with clinical improvements or predictive of long-term tolerance remain elusive.”
Self-citationPathological and therapeutic roles of innate lymphoid cells in diverse diseases
Kim, J., Kim, G., & Min, H. (2017) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-017-0974-2 · Cited by 6
“In addition, an increase in the number of peripheral-blood ILC2s is observed in patients with AR during pollen season, indicating the contribution of ILC2s to inflammatory responses in AR (Lao-Araya et al. 2014).”
BackgroundRole of Allergen Immunotherapy in Asthma Treatment and Asthma Development
Nakagome, K., & Nagata, M. (2020) · Allergies · doi:10.3390/allergies1010003 · Cited by 5
“As for type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which are also important sources of Th2 cytokines such as IL-5 and IL-13, allergen immunotherapy decreases the number of ILC2 in peripheral blood [42], although this finding is controversial [43].”
Patients’ perspective on allergen immunotherapy for respiratory allergy
Catamerò, F., Barbaglia, S., Heffler, E. M., Giovannini, M., & Paoletti, G. (2025) · Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1097/aci.0000000000001110 · Cited by 4
“AIT also modulates innate lymphoid cells 2 ( ILC2s), reducing their pro-inflammatory profile and promoting IL-10-expressing regulatory ILC2 subsets [54,55].”
Role of Group 2 innate lymphoid cells in intranasal sensitization-induced allergic rhinitis in mice
Kato, Y., Takabayashi, T., Shimizu, A., Maegawa, A., Kato, E., Adachi, N., Koyama, K., Saito, K., Yoshida, K., Kidoguchi, M., et al. (2025) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaf060 · Cited by 4
Allergen Immunotherapy in Pediatric Respiratory Allergy
Doroudchi, A., Imam, K. H., & Lloret, M. I. G. (2021) · Current Treatment Options in Allergy · doi:10.1007/s40521-021-00280-4 · Cited by 4
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“No reaction to ILC2s was observed during the offseason [33].”
BackgroundBiomarkers in oral immunotherapy
Zhu, H., Tang, K., Chen, G., & Liu, Z. (2022) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b2200047 · Cited by 4
“…to a significant reduction of 719 | J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol) 2022 23(9):705-731 ILC2s in the peripheral blood of subjects (Lao-Araya et al., 2014; Fan et al., 2016; Mitthamsiri et al., 2018), suggesting that ILC2 detection may be an effective indicator for SCIT monitoring.”
BackgroundZeng, Y., Zeng, Q., Wen, Y., Li, J., Xiao, H., Yang, C., Luo, R., & Liu, W. (2024) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Global · doi:10.1016/j.jacig.2024.100212 · Cited by 4
“16 The frequency of peripheral blood ILC2s increased after cat allergen challenge.”
BackgroundMethodBiomarker-driven drug development for allergic diseases and asthma: An FDA public workshop
Rabin, R. L., Altman, M. C., Arshad, S. H., Beger, R. D., Frischmeyer‐Guerrerio, P. A., Goleva, E., Hamilton, R. G., Hershey, G. K. K., Shamji, M. H., Sampson, H. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.03.014 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAlternatives to Subcutaneous Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis
Terada, T., & Kawata, R. (2022) · Allergies · doi:10.3390/allergies2010003 · Cited by 4
“Antigen-specific immunotherapy has also been shown to induce IL-10-producing regulatory B cells [66].”
BackgroundKnowledge mapping of interleukin-33: a bibliometric study.
Sun, J., Xia, Y., Zhang, D., Yu, Z., Ning, Y., & Tan, Z. (2023) · PubMed Central · Cited by 4
Effects of subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy on non-targeted allergen-induced immune responses
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“In participants who received SIT levels were comparable to non-atopic controls and correlated with reported seasonal symptom severity [26].”
Self-citationTratamiento de la rinitis alérgica en pediatría en Argentina. Documento de actualización
Vázquez, D., Onetti, C. I., Parisi, C. A. S., Martinez, J. C., Croce, J. S., Moreno, P., García, M., Ivancevich, J. C., & Gómez, R. M. (2020) · Revista Alergia México · doi:10.29262/ram.v67i0.649 · Cited by 4
Biologic drugs and allergen immunotherapy: potential allies
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“Concurrently, AR patients affected by pollen exhibited increased ILC2 in peripheral blood during pollen season and a significant decrease after subcutaneous immunotherapy [67], suggesting the involvement of ILC2 in the onset and progression of AR.”
BackgroundPhenotype-oriented immunotherapy of bronchial asthma
Sidorenko, E., & Vykhristsenko, L. (2018) · Immunopathology Allergology Infectology · doi:10.14427/jipai.2018.3.60 · Cited by 2
Immunothérapie allergénique chez l’enfant et l’adolescent
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Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy
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Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 in allergen tolerance: a perspective view
Montamat, G., Bazon, M. L., Demczuk, A., Leonard, C., & Ollert, M. W. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1613719 · Cited by 1
The role of immunoglobulin E in upper respiratory allergies: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies
Li, S.-D., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Immunological Medicine · doi:10.1080/25785826.2025.2587474 · Cited by 1
Recent advances in allergen immunotherapy
Fu, W., Zheng, Y., Chen, H., Dong, X. D., Li, W., Liang, H., Chen, S. H., Akdiş, C. A., & Gao, Y. (2026) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000004189 · Cited by 1
“[33] IL-10-pro-ducing ILC2s (IL-10 + ILC2s) have been identified in AR patients receiving grass pollen SLIT with functions of attenuating Th2 responses and maintaining epithelial barrier integrity.”
Immunotherapy – the causes of sub-optimal efficacy in inhaled allergies
Nittner‐Marszalska, M. (2021) · Alergologia Polska - Polish Journal of Allergology · doi:10.5114/pja.2021.104618 · Cited by 1
“Obserwuje się jednak istotną redukcję ilości ILC2 u pacjentów poddanych AIT w stosunku do osób nieotrzymujących immunoterapii oraz zahamowanie obwodowych ILC2 podczas sezonowej ekspozycji na alergen u osób poddanych AIT [11, 12].”
BackgroundUpdate on Biomarkers to Predict Responders to Allergen Immunotherapy
Moingeon, P. E. (2017) · Current Treatment Options in Allergy · doi:10.1007/s40521-017-0113-9 · Cited by 1
Diverse Mechanisms of Allergen Specific Immunotherapy
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“Po AIT u pacjentów uczulonych na pyłki traw zaobserwowano zahamowanie wzrostu liczebności komórek ILC2 (o charakterystyce zbliżonej do komórek Th2) [15].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lao-Araya, M., Steveling, E., Scadding, G. W., Durham, S. R., & Shamji, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Asthma UK (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Shamji, Mohamed H.
- Venue
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1193-1195.e4
- ISSN
- 0091-6749 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030393991
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 12.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (097881/Z/11/Z)
- Immune Tolerance Network (N01 AI15416)
- Asthma and Lung UK
- Imperial College London
- Chiang Mai University
- National Institutes of Health (n01ai15416-28-0-11, N01-AI-15416)
- Medical Research Council
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (N01 AI 15416)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › IL-33, ST2, and ILC Pathways
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Keywords
- innate lymphoid cells type 2, subcutaneous immunotherapy, grass pollen allergy, allergic rhinitis, seasonal variation, Th2 immune response, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, nasal mucosa inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Allergens, Desensitization, Immunologic, Female, Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal, Humans, Lymphocytes, Male, Pollen, Seasons, Cytokines, Phleum
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