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A review of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, treatment strategies, and its impact on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality
Open accessAbstract
Cardiovascular (CV) disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for approximately 31.4% of deaths globally in 2012. It is estimated that, from 1980 to 2000, reduction in total cholesterol accounted for a 33% decrease in coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths in the United States. In other developed countries, similar decreases in CHD deaths (ranging from 19%-46%) have been attributed to reduction in total cholesterol. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has now largely replaced total cholesterol as a risk marker and the primary treatment target for hyperlipidemia. Reduction in LDL-C levels by statin-based therapies has been demonstrated to result in a reduction in the risk of nonfatal CV events and mortality in a continuous and graded manner over a wide range of baseline risk and LDL-C levels. This article provides a review of (1) the relationship between LDL-C and CV risk from a biologic, epidemiologic, and genetic standpoint; (2) evidence-based strategies for LDL-C lowering; (3) lipid-management guidelines; (4) new strategies to further reduce CV risk through LDL-C lowering; and (5) population-level and health-system initiatives aimed at identifying, treating, and lowering lifetime LDL-C exposure.
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“However, where TC and LDL-C are elevated at baseline, a statistical effect is evident following exercise but the magnitude of the changes may not be clinically important [141, 142].”
From Exercise, or exercise and diet for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
In the citing paper
“Our findings thus potentially explain the reported APOE genotype effects on human plasma LDL levels”
From Decreased lipidated ApoE‐receptor interactions confer protection against pathogenicity of ApoE and its lipid cargoes in lysosomes (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“a profile that correlates with lower cardiovascular disease risk53.”
From Decreased lipidated ApoE‐receptor interactions confer protection against pathogenicity of ApoE and its lipid cargoes in lysosomes (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wadhera, R. K., Steen, D. L., Khan, I., Giugliano, R. P., & Foody, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Sanofi (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wadhera, Rishi K.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Lipidology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 472-489
- ISSN
- 1876-4789 (ISSN-L)
- 1933-2874
- OpenAlex
- W2183544076
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 4.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of clinical lipidology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- International Atherosclerosis Society
- European Atherosclerosis Society
- Daiichi-Sankyo
- Daiichi Sankyo Europe
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- LDL cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, statin therapy, LDL cholesterol lowering, cardiovascular risk, coronary heart disease mortality, cardiovascular risk reduction, total cholesterol
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anticholesteremic Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Life Style, Cholesterol, LDL, Risk, Evidence-Based Medicine
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