Cited by 1,017Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumCOVID-19 and Mental HealthCOVID-19 Impact on Reproduction

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Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic

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Lebel, Catherine, MacKinnon, Anna, Bagshawe, Mercedes, Tomfohr-Madsen, Lianne, Giesbrecht, Gerald·2020·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126PMC PMC7395614

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Abstract

Background Anxiety and depression symptoms in pregnancy typically affect between 10 and 25% of pregnant individuals. Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety are associated with increased risk of preterm birth, postpartum depression, and behavioural difficulties in children. The current COVID-19 pandemic is a unique stressor with potentially wide-ranging consequences for pregnancy and beyond.Methods We assessed symptoms of anxiety and depression among pregnant individuals during the current COVID-19 pandemic and determined factors that were associated with psychological distress. 1987 pregnant participants in Canada were surveyed in April 2020. The assessment included questions about COVID-19-related stress and standardized measures of depression, anxiety, pregnancy-related anxiety, and social support.Results We found substantially elevated anxiety and depression symptoms compared to similar pre-pandemic pregnancy cohorts, with 37% reporting clinically relevant symptoms of depression and 57% reporting clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety. Higher symptoms of depression and anxiety were associated with more concern about threats of COVID-19 to the life of the mother and baby, as well as concerns about not getting the necessary prenatal care, relationship strain, and social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher levels of perceived social support and support effectiveness, as well as more physical activity, were associated with lower psychological symptoms.Conclusion This study shows concerningly elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, that may have long-term impacts on their children. Potential protective factors include increased social support and exercise, as these were associated with lower symptoms and thus may help mitigate long-term negative outcomes.

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Authors: Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Giesbrecht, G.
Affiliations: University of Calgary (CA)
Corresponding author: Lebel, Catherine
ORCID: Lebel, Catherine
MacKinnon, Anna
Bagshawe, Mercedes
Giesbrecht, Gerald
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-12
Volume: 277
Pages: 5-13
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126
PMC: PMC7395614
OpenAlex: W3046762513
Cited by: 1,017
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 51 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 228 · 2022: 281 · 2021: 215 · 2020: 47
FWCI: 144.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: erratum (2021-01-15)
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction
Keywords: antenatal depression, prenatal anxiety, COVID-19 pandemic, psychological distress, social support, physical activity, prenatal care access, relationship strain, social isolation, maternal mental health, pregnancy-related anxiety
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Canada, Depression, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Isolation, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Depression, Postpartum, Pregnant People, Pregnant Women, Young Adult, Pandemics

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Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic

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