The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005–2008
Open accessAbstract
Objectives Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are essential when evaluating many new treatments in health care; yet, current measures have been limited by a lack of precision, standardization, and comparability of scores across studies and diseases. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) provides item banks that offer the potential for efficient (minimizes item number without compromising reliability), flexible (enables optional use of interchangeable items), and precise (has minimal error in estimate) measurement of commonly studied PROs. We report results from the first large-scale testing of PROMIS items.Study design and setting Fourteen item pools were tested in the U.S. general population and clinical groups using an online panel and clinic recruitment. A scale-setting subsample was created reflecting demographics proportional to the 2000 U.S. census.Results Using item-response theory (graded response model), 11 item banks were calibrated on a sample of 21,133, measuring components of self-reported physical, mental, and social health, along with a 10-item Global Health Scale. Short forms from each bank were developed and compared with the overall bank and with other well-validated and widely accepted ("legacy") measures. All item banks demonstrated good reliability across most of the score distributions. Construct validity was supported by moderate to strong correlations with legacy measures.Conclusion PROMIS item banks and their short forms provide evidence that they are reliable and precise measures of generic symptoms and functional reports comparable to legacy instruments. Further testing will continue to validate and test PROMIS items and banks in diverse clinical populations.
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The study used the PROMIS short forms to assess anxiety, pain, and depression.
“Anxiety, pain, and depression were assessed using the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), Anxiety Short Form 8a (PROMIS-ASF), Pain Interference Short Form (PROMIS-PISF), and Depression Short Form 8a (PROMIS-DSF) 36.”
From Effects of a trauma-informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof-of-concept study (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
The Results (Validity and Interpretation Tables; page not provided) describe PROMIS short forms for anxiety, pain interference, and depression, supporting the citation as an identification of those measures. However, the paper describes a 7-item anxiety short form, not the specifically named Anxiety Short Form 8a; it does not establish that exact version. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPROMIS short-form questionnaires have excellent psychometric properties superior to many other measures available to assess emotional functioning.
“PROMIS has excellent psychometric properties superior to many other measures available to assess emotional functioning [61].”
From Online parent-targeted cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention to improve quality of life in families of young cancer survivors: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. (2015) · cites this paper as [61]
The Results report high reliability and strong correlations with legacy measures for the emotional-distress item banks and their short forms. But the Abstract Conclusion describes PROMIS short forms as comparable to legacy instruments, not superior to other measures of emotional functioning. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredScales with four, six, and eight items (short forms) were developed from item banks using item response theory and validated in general and chronic illness populations.
“Scales with four, six, and eight items (short forms) were developed from item banks using item response theory and validated in general and chronic illness populations [28, 29].”
From Feasibility and Acceptability of an Abbreviated, Four-Week Mindfulness Program for Chronic Pain Management. (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
The Results report IRT-calibrated item banks and derived short forms, with construct-validity evidence from comparisons with established measures. Wave 1 testing included general-population and clinical samples. However, the Results specify short forms of 6–10 items, not the claimed set of 4-, 6-, and 8-item forms; the Discussion also says clinical validation studies were still underway. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe PROMIS measures used in the study have undergone rigorous reliability and validity testing.
“These measures have undergone rigorous reliability and validity testing [29–31].”
From Symptom experiences in metastatic breast cancer patients: relationships to activity engagement, value-based living, and psychological inflexibility (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
PROMIS measures have undergone rigorous psychometric testing, and evidence supports their reliability and validity in cancer survivors.
“These NIH-funded measures have undergone rigorous psychometric testing [21], and evidence supports their reliability and validity in cancer survivors [19, 22].”
From Symptom experiences in post-treatment cancer survivors: associations with acceptance and commitment therapy constructs. (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
PROMIS measures have demonstrated construct validity with moderate to strong correlations with other well-validated measures.
“Construct validity has been demonstrated with moderate to strong correlations with other well-validated measures. 61”
From Mindfulness and Psychosocial Symptoms in People with Cancer: Testing Rumination and Experiential Avoidance as Mediators, and Sex as a Moderator. (2025) · cites this paper as [61]
The short-form PROMIS measures provide the best balance between brevity and psychometric validity for a minimal dataset.
“After considering several potential instruments for assessing these domains, the RTF concluded that the short-form PROMIS measures1 offered the best trade-off of length with psychometric validity for a minimal dataset.”
From Report of the NIH Task Force on research standards for chronic low back pain. (2014) · cites this paper as [22]
Personalizing the second line treatment choice through machine learning identified a small group of individuals (around 8%) who would fare better if continued unchanged on their initial treatment.
“Personalizing the second line treatment choice through machine learning identified a small group of individuals (around 8%) who would fare better if continued unchanged on their initial treatment. 599”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [599]
Machine learning techniques using big datasets offer a promising approach to developing personalized treatments of depression and prediction models for treatment outcomes.
“Machine learning techniques using big datasets offer a promising approach to developing personalized treatments of depression and prediction models for treatment outcomes. 599”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [599]
Sleep disturbance was measured using PROMIS with an alpha coefficient of 0.97 in this sample.
“Sleep disturbance (ie, sleep quality) was measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (α=0.97 in our sample) [62].”
From Efficacy of the Mindfulness Meditation Mobile App “Calm” to Reduce Stress Among College Students: Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
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- Authors
- Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D., Choi, S., Cook, K., DeVellis, R., DeWalt, D., Fries, J. F., Gershon, R., Hahn, E. A., Lai, J.-S., Pilkonis, P., Revicki, D., Rose, M., Weinfurt, K., & Hays, R.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Duke University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1179-1194
- ISSN
- 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2965562
- OpenAlex
- W2162420979
- Cited by
- 5,128
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 455 · 2025: 526 · 2024: 536 · 2023: 490 · 2022: 516 · 2021: 515 · 2020: 492 · 2019: 368 · 2018: 302 · 2017: 224 · 2016: 190 · 2015: 161 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 92.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Northwestern University
- University of Washington (U01AR52170, U01AR52155, U01AR52171, U01AR52158)
- University of Pittsburgh (U01AR52155, U01AR52158, U01AR52170, U01AR52171)
- Stony Brook University (U01AR52170)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U01AR052171, U01AR52186, U01AR52181, U01AR52155, U02AR52177, U01AR052186, U01AR52171, U01AR052170, U01AR052158, U01AR52170, U01AR052155, U01AR052177, U01AR52158, U01AR052181)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- PROMIS, patient-reported outcomes, item bank, item response theory, graded response model, scale calibration, short form, construct validity, reliability statistics, global health, physical health, mental health, social health, functional status
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Information Systems, Male, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Disclosure, United States, Patient Satisfaction, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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