Contribution of Snacking to Older Adults' Vitamin, Carotenoid, and Mineral Intakes
Abstract
Decreased food and beverage consumption among older adults can lead to inadequate intakes of energy and numerous micronutrients. Although older adults are prone to having inadequate diets, little research attention has been directed at their dietary behaviors, such as snacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between snacking frequency and older adults' daily intakes of vitamins, carotenoids, and minerals. Cross-sectional data for 2,056 older adults (65 years and older) from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for this study. Dietary data were collected through two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Participants' snacking occasions and daily nutrient intakes were averaged during the two 24-hour recalls. Using linear regression models to adjust for multiple covariates, mean vitamin, carotenoid, and mineral intakes by snacking category were estimated. As snacking frequency increased, daily intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and beta carotene increased. Older adults' daily intakes of magnesium, copper, and potassium also increased as snacking frequency increased. As older adults' snacking frequency increased, their daily intake of selenium decreased, and their snacking frequency was not associated with their daily intakes of the B-complex vitamins, vitamin K, lycopene, phosphorus, iron, and zinc. Providing healthy snacks on a regular basis has practical implications for institutions, centers, or organizations that serve older adults; however, nutritional benefits obtained from snack food and beverages warrant their inclusion in older adults' diet.
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Snacking frequency appears to be an important contributor to intakes of macro- and micronutrients among older US adults aged 65 years or older.
“Snacking frequency also appears to be an important contributor to intakes of macro- and micronutrients among older US adults aged ≥ 65 years( 70 , 77 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [70]
A higher snacking frequency was associated with higher mean daily intakes of vitamins A, C and E, β-carotene, Mg and K, after controlling for important confounders.
“a higher snacking frequency was associated with higher mean daily intakes of vitamins A, C and E, β-carotene, Mg and K( 70 ), after controlling for important confounders in both of these studies.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [70]
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- Authors
- Zizza, C. A., Arsiwalla, D. D., & Ellison, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Auburn University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zizza, Claire A.
- ORCID
- Arsiwalla, Dilbur D.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 768-772
- ISSN
- 0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053611702
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (ALA013-020)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- snacking, older adults, vitamin intake, carotenoids, mineral intake, micronutrient adequacy, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, magnesium, copper, potassium, selenium, B vitamins, lycopene, dietary behavior
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Energy Intake, Carotenoids, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Minerals, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Nutrition Surveys, Nutritional Requirements, Mental Recall, Vitamins, Geriatric Assessment, Nutrition Assessment, Linear Models
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