Keep your eyes on the road: young driver crash risk increases according to duration of distraction
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Secondary task engagement that distracts the driver is a contributing factor to motor vehicle crashes among adults. However, the association between eye glance duration and crash risk with novice teenage drivers has not been determined. METHODS: Vehicles of 42 newly licensed teenage drivers were instrumented with cameras, accelerometers, Global Positioning System(s) (GPS), and other devices. Data were collected continuously for 18 months. Crashes and near crashes (CNCs) were identified by examining highly elevated gravitational force events. Video footage of the 6 seconds prior to each CNC and randomly sampled non-CNC road segments were coded for the duration of eye glances off the forward roadway and the presence of secondary task engagement. The likelihood (odds ratios) of CNC due to eye glance behavior was calculated by comparing the prevalence of secondary task engagement and duration of eyes off road prior to CNC with the prevalence and duration of eyes off road during non-CNC road segments. RESULTS: Crash risk increased with the duration of single longest glance during all secondary tasks (OR=3.8 for >2 s) and wireless secondary task engagement (OR=5.5 for >2 s). Single longest glance provided a more consistent estimate of crash risk than total time eyes off the forward roadway. CONCLUSIONS: Those eye glances away from the forward roadway involving secondary tasks increased the likelihood of CNC. The longer the duration of eye glance away from the road the greater the risk, regardless of type of secondary task. Education and policy discouraging secondary task engagement, particularly for prolonged periods, is warranted.
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Teens are more likely to engage in other types of secondary tasks which are distracting and to have longer periods of off-road glances.
“In addition to using their phones, teens are more likely to engage in other types of secondary tasks which are distracting and to have longer periods of off-road glances (13).”
From An Integrative Review on Teen Distracted Driving for Model Program Development (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports simulation research finding that novice drivers look away from the road for longer periods than adults during in-vehicle secondary tasks. The Introduction and Discussion describe distracting tasks beyond phone use, but do not say teens engage in those tasks more often than adults. The Discussion also says this study could not determine whether teens' off-road glances lasted longer than adults'. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTeens have a higher risk of engaging in texting or secondary tasks, e.g., eating while driving.
“Teens have a higher risk of engaging in texting or secondary tasks, e.g., eating while driving.”
From An Integrative Review on Teen Distracted Driving for Model Program Development (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies texting and eating as secondary tasks and reports that engaging in them increased teenage drivers’ crash or near-crash risk. It does not say teens are more likely than other drivers to engage in those tasks; the higher risk reported is a risk of crashing, not of engaging in a task. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Using nomophobia severity to predict illegal smartphone use while driving
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Naturalistic Driving Studies: An Overview and International Perspective
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Unsafe driving behavior in the presence of hawkers’ encroachment on urban roads
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Statistical Evaluation of BIS-11 and DAQ Tools in the Field of Traffic Psychology
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Alcohol-related deaths among young passengers: An analysis of national alcohol-related fatal crashes
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Naturalistic Driving Study for Older Drivers based on the DriveSafe App
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An Integrative Review on Teen Distracted Driving for Model Program Development
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“In addition to using their phones, teens are more likely to engage in other types of secondary tasks which are distracting and to have longer periods of off-road glances (13).”
BackgroundModel of the strategy for reducing the road accident rate in the city
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Research on the Influence of Smartphone Navigation on Driving Behavior Based on Real Vehicle Driving
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Improving Drivers’ Hazard Perception and Performance Using a Less Visually-Demanding Interface
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Evidence of inconsistent results using current eye tracking glance and visit analysis standards
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Detection of Driving Capability Degradation for Human-Machine Cooperative Driving
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A Systematic Literature Review of Driver Inattention Monitoring Systems for Smart Car
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Eye Movements in Vehicle Control
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Distracted driving: prevalence and motivations
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- Authors
- Simons-Morton, B. G., Guo, F., Klauer, S. G., Ehsani, J. P., & Pradhan, A. K.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (US)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- S61-S67
- ISSN
- 1054-139X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3999409
- OpenAlex
- W2035003741
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 35.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Z01HD001707, ZIAHD001707)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality › Traffic and Road Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- young drivers, teenage drivers, secondary task engagement, driver distraction, crash risk, near-crashes, traffic accidents, novice drivers
- MeSH terms
- Accident Prevention, Accidents, Traffic, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Attention, Automobile Driving, Female, Humans, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Risk-Taking, United States, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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