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Locus coeruleus volume and cell population changes during Alzheimer's disease progression: A stereological study in human postmortem brains with potential implication for early‐stage biomarker discovery
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Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression follows a specific spreading pattern, emphasizing the need to characterize those brain areas that degenerate first. The brainstem's locus coeruleus (LC) is the first area to develop neurofibrillary changes (neurofibrillary tangles [NFTs]). Methods: The methods include unbiased stereological analyses in human brainstems to estimate LC volume and neuronal population in controls and individuals across all AD stages. Results: As the Braak stage increases by 1 unit, the LC volume decreases by 8.4%. Neuronal loss started only midway through AD progression. Age‐related changes spare the LC. Discussion: The long gap between NFT accumulation and neuronal loss suggests that a second trigger may be necessary to induce neuronal death in AD. Imaging studies should determine whether LC volumetry can replicate the stage‐wise atrophy observed here and how these changes are specific to AD. LC volumetry may develop into a screening biomarker for selecting high‐yield candidates to undergo expensive and less accessible positron emission tomography scans and to monitor AD progression from presymptomatic stages.
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“Yet the extent of neuron loss is not correlated with the extent of neurofibrillary tangles; tangles are present in normal brain and there is a long delay between the appearance of tangles and the onset of neuronal death (252, 251, 253).”
From Chemiexcitation: Mammalian Photochemistry in the Dark† (2023) · cites this paper as [252]
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Liu, R., Guo, Z., Li, M., Liu, S., Zhi, Y., Jiang, Z., Liang, X., Hu, H., & Zhu, J. (2023) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2023.08.001 · Cited by 5
Dahl, M. J., Werkle‐Bergner, M., & Mather, M. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.17605/osf.io/sf2ky · Cited by 5
Dahl, M. J., Mather, M., Düzel, S., Bodammer, N., Lindenberger, U., Kühn, S., & Werkle‐Bergner, M. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 5
Joshi, S. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bqwte · Cited by 5
McKenzie, S., Sommer, A. L., Donaldson, T. N., Pimentel, I., Kakani, M., Choi, I. J., Newman, E. L., & English, D. F. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.30.605900 · Cited by 6
McKenzie, S., Sommer, A. L., Donaldson, T. N., Pimentel, I., Kakani, M., Choi, I. J., Newman, E. L., & English, D. F. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.105183 · Cited by 5
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Galgani, A., Lombardo, F. P., Frijia, F., Scotto, M., Tognoni, G., Pavese, N., & Giorgi, F. S. (2025) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000544882 · Cited by 4
Locus coeruleus integrity correlates with plasma soluble Axl levels in Alzheimer's disease patients
Galgani, A., Mary, A., Lombardo, F. P., Martini, N., Scotto, M., Tognoni, G., Siciliano, G., Ceravolo, R., Giorgi, F. S., & Heneka, M. T. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70434 · Cited by 4
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Cicco, V. D., Fantozzi, M. P. T., Ligori, S., Cataldo, E., Cicco, D. D., Bongioanni, P., Dolciotti, C., Bruschini, L., Faraguna, U., & Manzoni, D. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111528 · Cited by 4
Characterization of locus coeruleus neuronal properties with aging in two mouse models of tauopathy
Potts, Y., Daykin, H. J., Bossche, M. J. A. V. D., McDougall, S. J., & Jacobson, L. H. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251393515 · Cited by 4
The monoaminergic systems as drivers of Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and symptomatology
Jacobs, H. I. L. (2026) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001455 · Cited by 4
Zafarullah, M., Durbin-Johnson, B. P., Fourie, E., Hessl, D. R., Rivera, S. M., & Tassone, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.691717 · Cited by 4
Locus Coeruleus Degeneration Differs Between Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Subtypes
Matti, N., Javanshiri, K., Haglund, M., Saenz-Sardà, X., & Englund, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220276 · Cited by 4
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McKenzie, S., Sommer, A. L., Donaldson, T. N., Pimentel, I., Kakani, M., Choi, I. J., Newman, E. L., & English, D. F. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.105183.1 · Cited by 4
Locus coeruleus-related insula activation is associated with implicit learningPreprint
Dahl, M. J., Li, T., Mather, M., & Werkle‐Bergner, M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.10.653174 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Theofilas, P., Ehrenberg, A. J., Dunlop, S., Di Lorenzo Alho, A. T., Nguy, A., Leite, R. E. P., Rodriguez, R. D., Mejia, M. B., Suemoto, C. K., Ferretti-Rebustini, R. E. D. L., Polichiso, L., Nascimento, C. F., Seeley, W. W., Nitrini, R., Pasqualucci, C. A., Jacob Filho, W., Rueb, U., Neuhaus, J., Heinsen, H., & Grinberg, L. T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Hospital Albert Einstein São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Pathology, LIM-22 University of São Paulo Medical School São Paulo Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Division of Geriatrics University of Sao Paulo Medical School São Paulo Brazil
- University of São Paulo, School of Nursing São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Neurology University of Sao Paulo Medical School São Paulo Brazil
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Grinberg, Lea T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-08-08
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 236-246
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- PMC
- PMC5298942
- OpenAlex
- W2513816257
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 19
- FWCI
- 17.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01AG040311)
- Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, locus coeruleus
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Autopsy, Female, Humans, Locus Coeruleus, Male, Middle Aged, Neurons, Stereotaxic Techniques, Biomarkers, Disease Progression
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