A Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Changes in Brain Morphology From Infancy to Late Adulthood
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To model in vivo the dynamic interrelations of head size, gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes from infancy to old age using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional, between-subjects using an age-regression model. SETTING: A Veterans Affairs medical center and community hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: There were 88 male and female subjects aged 3 months to 30 years whose clinical MRI film had been read as normal and 73 healthy male volunteers aged 21 to 70 years who had an MRI performed specifically for this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: These MRI data were quantified using a semiautomated computer technique for segmenting images into gray matter, white matter, and CSF compartments. The cortex was defined geometrically as the outer 45% on each analyzed slice, and the volumes of cortical white matter, gray matter, and CSF were computed. Subcortical (ventricular) CSF volume was computed for the inner 55% of each analyzed slice. RESULTS: In the younger sample, intracranial volume increased by about 300 mL from 3 months to 10 years. The same patterns of change in volume of each compartment across the age range were seen in both sexes: cortical gray matter volume peaked around age 4 years and decreased thereafter; cortical white matter volume increased steadily until about age 20 years; cortical and ventricular CSF volumes remained constant. In the older sample, brain volumes were statistically adjusted for normal variation in head size through a regression procedure and revealed the following pattern: cortical gray matter volume decreased curvilin-early, showing an average volume loss of 0.7 mL/y, while cortical white matter volume remained constant during the five decades; complementary to the cortical gray matter decrease, cortical CSF volume increased by 0.6 mL/y and ventricular volumes increased by 0.3 mL/y. CONCLUSIONS: These patterns of growth and change seen in vivo with MRI are largely consistent with neuropathological studies, as well as animal models of development, and may reflect neuronal progressive and regressive processes, including cell growth, myelination, cell death, and atrophy.
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The increased white matter and decreased grey matter density in the frontal and parietal cortices throughout adolescence has been demonstrated by several studies with increasingly large groups of subjects.
“The increased white matter and decreased grey matter density in the frontal and parietal cortices throughout adolescence has now been demonstrated by several studies carried out by a number of different research groups with increasingly large groups of subjects (Barnea-Goraly et al., 2005;Giedd et al., 1996Giedd et al., , 1999a;;Pfefferbaum et al., 1994;Reiss, Abrams, Singer, Ross, & Denckla, 1996”
From Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition (2006) · cites this paper as Pfefferbaum et al., 1994
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- Authors
- Pfefferbaum, A., Mathalon, D. H., Sullivan, E. V., Rawles, J. M., Zipursky, R. B., & Lim, K. O.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1994-09-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 874-887
- ISSN
- 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1984111997
- Cited by
- 1,363
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 22.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50mh030854-18)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-40041, MH-30854, MH 05965)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- brain structure, brain volume changes, gray matter volume, white matter volume, cerebrospinal fluid volume, intracranial volume, head size, brain development, brain aging, brain atrophy, myelination, image segmentation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Head, Humans, Infant, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Biological, Sex Characteristics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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