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Cited by 69Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Variations in Criterion A and PTSD rates in a community sample of women

Open access
Anders, Samantha L., Frazier, Patricia A., Frankfurt, Sheila B.·2011·Journal of Anxiety Disorders
DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.018PMC PMC3030648
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Abstract

We assessed PTSD prevalence and symptoms as a function of whether participants' worst lifetime event met Criterion A1 for PTSD (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) and whether the event was directly or indirectly experienced in a community sample of adult women (N=884). Exposure to both non-Criterion A1 and Criterion A1 events was systematically assessed. PTSD was assessed with regard to participants' self-nominated worst event using the PTSD module of the SCID-I/NP (First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1997). There were no differences in PTSD prevalence rates between Criterion A1 and non-A1 events; however, directly experienced worst events were significantly more likely to meet PTSD criteria than were indirectly experienced worst events. Non-Criterion A1 and directly experienced worst events were associated with significantly more PTSD symptoms than were Criterion A1 or indirectly experienced events, respectively. Criterion A2 (experiencing fear, helplessness, or horror) had little effect on PTSD rates.

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  • Events that did not meet Criterion A were generally associated with higher rates of PTSD symptoms than Criterion A events.

    “Furthermore, events that did not meet Criterion A were generally associated with higher rates PTSD symptoms than Criterion A events (Anders et al., 2011; Vogeler, 2017).”

    From Assessing the Validity of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA) (2020) · cites this paper as Anders et al., 2011

    The Results (§3.3–3.4; page unavailable) report more re-experiencing and some hyperarousal symptoms after non-Criterion A1 worst events, as well as higher current PTSD symptom severity. But lifetime symptom severity was not associated with Criterion A1 status, and the Discussion (§4.2) says lifetime and current PTSD rates were identical. The claim overstates the consistency of the difference and does not limit it to self-nominated worst events in this sample of women. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Many consider the DSM-5 definition of trauma to be too restrictive.

    “There are many who consider this definition of trauma to be too restrictive (Anders, Frazier, & Frankfurt, 2011; Weathers & Keane, 2007).”

    From Assessing the Validity of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA) (2020) · cites this paper as Anders, Frazier, & Frankfurt, 2011

    The Introduction describes advocates who consider Criterion A too restrictive, and the Discussion (4.6, Implications) says some events outside the current definition can produce PTSD. But the paper examines DSM-IV-TR criteria and debates what should be included in the then-future DSM-V; it does not assess the finalized DSM-5 definition. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Anders et al. (2011) completed a study in which events that both met and did not meet Criterion A were compared, with both types of events resulting in symptoms of PTSD.

    “For example, Anders et al. (2011) completed a study in which events that both met and did not meet Criterion A were compared, with both types of events resulting in symptoms of PTSD.”

    From Assessing the Validity of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA) (2020) · cites this paper as Anders et al., 2011

  • Several recent studies suggest that even when an event does not meet Criterion A, the event still has a traumatic effect, including symptoms of PTSD.

    “Several recent studies suggest that even when an event does not meet Criterion A, the event still has a traumatic effect, including symptoms of PTSD (Anders et al., 2011; Giordano et al., 2016; Steffens & Rennie, 2006; Vogeler et al., 2018; Weathers & Keane, 2007).”

    From Assessing the Validity of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA) (2020) · cites this paper as Anders et al., 2011

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Cites

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Authors
Anders, S. L., Frazier, P. A., & Frankfurt, S. B.
Affiliations
University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author
Frazier, Patricia A.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-03
Volume
25
Issue
2
Pages
176-184
ISSN
0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.018
PMC
PMC3030648
OpenAlex
W1970428699
Cited by
69
References
8
Citations by year
2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
FWCI
4.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R29MH048871)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, DSM-IV-TR, trauma exposure, women, PTSD prevalence, posttraumatic stress symptoms
MeSH terms
Adult, Emotions, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Mental Health, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence, Odds Ratio

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