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Cited by 10Diversity and Career in MedicineWorkplace Violence and BullyingDiscrimination and Equality Law

An intersectional review of discrimination and harassment experiences in pharmacy: Findings from the 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Survey

Bakken, Brianne K., Gaither, Caroline A., Doucette, William R., Witry, Matthew J., Kreling, David H., Schommer, Jon C., Arya, Vibhuti, Mott, David A.·2021·Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
DOI 10.1016/j.japh.2021.04.002
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Abstract

Background Most pharmacists in the United States are women, and the profession is becoming more racially diverse. The recent increase in political and social movements in the United States has heightened our awareness of the importance of better understanding the experiences of underrepresented individuals and groups. Little is known about discrimination and harassment in the profession of pharmacy in the United States.Objectives The purpose of this study was to provide evidence that discrimination and harassment exist in the pharmacy profession and explore differences in discrimination and harassment using the intersectionality of race and sex.Methods The 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Survey (NPWS) utilized an electronic survey that was distributed using a 3-contact Dillman approach by email to a randomized sample of 96,110 licensed pharmacists from all 50 U.S. states using the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Foundation e-profile system. The 2019 NPWS included a new battery of questions to assess the prevalence of discrimination and harassment in pharmacy.Results The most common bases of discrimination experienced were based on age (31.2%), sex (29%), and race or ethnicity (16.6%). The most common type of harassment experienced was "hearing demeaning comments related to race or ethnicity" at 15.6%. The intersectionality analysis revealed different experiences among sex or race combinations. Black and Asian male pharmacists had the highest rate of "hearing demeaning comments about race or ethnicity." Nonwhite pharmacists were more likely to experience harassment from customers or patients compared with their white colleagues. Black female pharmacists had the highest rate of being "very unsatisfied" with the results of reporting discrimination and harassment to their employer.Conclusion Discrimination, including harassment and sexual harassment, is illegal, immoral, and unjust. As the profession of pharmacy continues to become more diverse, there must be a conscious, systemic, and sustained effort to create and maintain workplaces that are safe, equitable, and free of discrimination.

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Authors
Bakken, B. K., Gaither, C. A., Doucette, W. R., Witry, M. J., Kreling, D. H., Schommer, J. C., Arya, V., & Mott, D. A.
Corresponding author
Bakken, Brianne K.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-09
Volume
61
Issue
5
Pages
522-532
ISSN
1544-3191 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.japh.2021.04.002
OpenAlex
W3152828559
Cited by
10
References
28
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1
FWCI
3.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of the American Pharmacists Association (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
  • Social Sciences › Law › Discrimination and Equality Law
Keywords
workplace harassment, sexual harassment, intersectionality, race and sex, pharmacists, underrepresented groups, workplace equity
MeSH terms
Workforce, Female, Humans, Male, Pharmacies, Pharmacists, Pharmacy, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Sexual Harassment

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