The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clearance deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a fairly heterogeneous autoimmune disease. Impaired clearance functions for dying cells may explain accumulation of nuclear autoantigens in various tissues of SLE patients. Our data show that in a subgroup of patients with SLE, apoptotic cells accumulated in the germinal centres of the lymph nodes. Apoptotic material was attached to the surfaces of follicular dendritic cells. Furthermore, we found an accumulation of apoptotic cells in the skin of patients with cutaneous lupus after UV exposure. Granulocytes and monocytes in whole blood of SLE patients showed a reduced uptake of albumin- and polyglobin-coated beads. Furthermore, we analysed sera from SLE patients in migration assays and observed that the attraction signals for macrophages were reduced by sera of approximately 25% of the SLE patients. Analyses of high-affinity DNA binding IgG autoantibodies of SLE patients revealed that those antibodies had gained their DNA reactivity in a germinal centre reaction. We suggest a stepwise maturation from a non-anti-DNA reactive B cell to an anti-dsDNA autoreactive B cell. We conclude that impaired clearance in early phases of apoptosis leads to a secondary necrotic status of the cells. Danger signals are released; modified autoantigens are accessible, favouring an autoimmune reaction.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“DAMPs are released from dying cells and induce immune responses to cellular antigens whether the cell is a tumor cell, autologous tissue or infected with a pathogen.”
From Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death (2009) · cites this paper as [4]
Citations
Cites
The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus
Tan, E. M., Cohen, A. S., Fries, J. F., Masi, A. T., Mcshane, D. J., Rothfield, N. F., Schaller, J. G., Talal, N., & Winchester, R. J. (1982) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780251101 · Cited by 14,519
Hochberg, M. C. (1997) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780400928 · Cited by 11,409
Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-3876 · Cited by 4,111
Danger signals: SOS to the immune system
Gallucci, S., & Matzinger, P. (2001) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00191-6 · Cited by 1,204
Lauber, K., Bohn, E., Kröber, S. M., Xiao, Y.-J., Blumenthal, S. G., Lindemann, R. K., Marini, P., Wiedig, C., Zobywalski, A., Baksh, S., et al. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00422-7 · Cited by 967
Self-citationPathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Mok, C. C., & Lau, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp.56.7.481 · Cited by 947
Complement-dependent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells by Human Macrophages
Mevorach, D., Mascarenhas, J., Gershov, D., & Elkon, K. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.188.12.2313 · Cited by 776
Taylor, P. R., Carugati, A., Fadok, V. A., Cook, H. T., Andrews, M., Carroll, M. C., Savill, J., Henson, P. M., Botto, M., & Walport, M. J. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.3.359 · Cited by 724
Gershov, D., Kim, S., Brot, N., & Elkon, K. B. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.9.1353 · Cited by 695
Chronic polyarthritis caused by mammalian DNA that escapes from degradation in macrophages
Kawane, K., Ohtani, M., Miwa, K., Kizawa, T., Kanbara, Y., Yoshioka, Y., Yoshikawa, H., & Nagata, S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05245 · Cited by 467
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–277 of 277
Schell, S. L., Soni, C., Fasnacht, M. J., Domeier, P. P., Cooper, T. K., & Rahman, Z. S. M. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1700611 · Cited by 9
Asmiyou, A., Bakr, A., Shahin, D. A., & Wahba, Y. (2020) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203320941931 · Cited by 9
Munoz, L. E., Frey, B., Appelt, U., Janko, C., Sarter, K., Voll, R. E., Kern, P., i, M. H., & Gaipl, U. S. (2010) · The Open Autoimmunity Journal · Cited by 9
Self-citationApoptotic Cell-Mediated Immunoregulation of Dendritic Cells Does Not Require iC3b Opsonization
Behrens, E. M., Ning, Y., Muvarak, N. E., Zoltick, P. W., Flake, A. W., & Gallucci, S. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3018 · Cited by 9
Molecular Basis of Diseases of Immunity
Beenhouwer, D. O. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802761-5.00017-1 · Cited by 9
Zhang, P., Lei, X., Ou, L., Cheng, Y., Miao, Q., Li, C. R., & Chen, Y. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109814 · Cited by 8
CADHERIN-11 regulation of myeloid phagocytes and autoimmune inflammation in murine lupus
Chavula, T., To, S., Smith, J., Pedroza, M., Nimri, J., Devaraj, S., Wenderfer, S. E., Vogel, T. P., & Agarwal, S. K. (2024) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103197 · Cited by 9
Dy-Ledesma, J. L., Khoury, J. D., Agbay, R. L. M. C., Garcia, M., Miranda, R. N., & Medeiros, L. J. (2016) · Advances in Anatomic Pathology · doi:10.1097/pap.0000000000000127 · Cited by 8
Bordignon, V., Cavallo, I., D’Agosto, G., Trento, E., Pontone, M., Abril, E., Domenico, E. G. D., & Ensoli, F. (2018) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.09.001 · Cited by 8
Dey-Rao, R., & Sinha, A. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00640 · Cited by 8
Murine lupus is neutrophil elastase-independent in the MRL.Faslpr model
Gordon, R. A., Tilstra, J. S., Marinov, A. D., Nickerson, K. M., Bastacky, S., & Shlomchik, M. J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226396 · Cited by 8
“SLE neutrophils display reduced superoxide production [55] and phagocytosis [56]; however, low density granulocytes (LDGs)—a neutrophil subset enriched in SLE patients—produce type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines [57].”
BackgroundOropesa-Ávila, M., Fernández-Vega, A., de la Mata, M., Garrido‐Maraver, J., Cotán, D., Paz, M. V., Pavón, A. D., Cordero, M. D., Alcocer‐Gómez, E., de Lavera, I., et al. (2014) · APOPTOSIS · doi:10.1007/s10495-014-1015-y · Cited by 7
Bromodomain Inhibitors Modulate FcγR-Mediated Mononuclear Phagocyte Activation and Chemotaxis
Banham, G. D., Lee, C. Y. C., Ferdinand, J. R., Matthews, R. J., Jing, C., Smithers, N. N., Prinjha, R. K., & Clatworthy, M. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.885101 · Cited by 8
“Indeed, reduced apoptotic cell clearance is thought to promote the breakdown of tolerance to nuclear antigens presented on the surface of apoptotic blebs, contributing to lupus pathogenesis (45, 46).”
BackgroundMachine Learning Approach for Predicting Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in an Oman-Based Cohort
AlShareedah, A., Zidoum, H. M., Al-Sawafi, S., Lawati, B. S. H. A., & Al-Ansari, A. (2022) · Sultan Qaboos University medical journal · doi:10.18295/squmj.12.2022.069 · Cited by 7
Recognition and Removal of Apoptotic Cells
Henson, P. M., & Bratton, D. L. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555816650.ch21 · Cited by 7
Selmi, C. F. (2007) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2007.09.001 · Cited by 7
A pregnancy hormone-cell death link promotes enhanced lupus-specific immunological effects
Sachdeva, R., & Pal, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051779 · Cited by 6
“Several studies suggest that aberrant apoptosis plays a major role in lupus onset, and that abnormal clearance of apoptotic cells can result their accumulation in germinal centers (15, 16, 31, 32).”
BackgroundIncreased Mer and Axl receptor tyrosine kinase expression on glomeruli in lupus nephritis
Li, S., Guo, Q., Zhu, H., Li, Z., Su, Y., & Dong, B. (2017) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-017-3550-8 · Cited by 6
Zhao, Y., Lyu, X., Wu, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, N., Wei, W., & Liu, M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci194715 · Cited by 8
“Disruption of this process — due to excessive apoptosis, dysregulated PS exposure on tumors, or elevated levels of PS + EVs — can overwhelm immunosurveil-lance, enabling tumor evasion and progression (167, 168) or breaking immune tolerance and triggering autoimmunity (170).”
He, X., Xiong, C., Liu, A., Zhao, W., Xia, X., Peng, S., Li, C., Zhou, M., Li, Y., Shi, X., et al. (2017) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-017-1183-z · Cited by 5
Sweet taste of cell death: role of carbohydrate recognition systems
Bilyy, R. O., & Stoika, R. S. (2013) · The Ukrainian Biochemical Journal · doi:10.15407/ubj85.06.183 · Cited by 5
TP53 and p21 (CDKN1A) polymorphisms and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus
Macedo, J. M. B., Silva, A. L., Pinto, A. C., Landeira, L. F. L., Portari, E. A., Santos-Rebouças, C. B., & Klumb, E. M. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1186/s42358-023-00320-4 · Cited by 5
Tanne, A. J., & Bhardwaj, N. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-31696-5.00009-7 · Cited by 7
Brkić, Z., Olthof, E. D., Drexhage, H. A., & Versnel, M. A. (2010) · The Open Arthritis Journal · doi:10.2174/1876539401003010013 · Cited by 5
“This approach has also resulted in the identification of the IFN expression signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with SLE, RA and SSc [49-51], despite the use of non- purified PBMC suspensions.”
BackgroundInfluentialJiang, L., Qi, A., Hong-yu, Y., Wang, S., Wang, F., Bai, X., & Ren, J.-H. (2024) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.13410 · Cited by 4
Molecular Basis of Diseases of Immunity
Beenhouwer, D. O. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374419-7.00017-2 · Cited by 4
Lu, Q., Wang, J. O., Wang, L., Jiang, X., & Chu, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109095 · Cited by 4
“In GCs of some patients with SLE, tingible body macrophages were defective in uptake of apoptotic cells, and apoptotic nuclear debris was attached on the surfaces of follicular dendritic cells [56,57].”
BackgroundThe role of apoptosis and removal of apoptotic cells in the genesis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Fransen, J. H., Hilbrands, L. B., Koeter, C. M., & van der Vlag, J. (2009) · Cited by 4
Rich, H. E., Li, Y.-D., Hok, K. D., Mueller‐Ortiz, S. L., Domozhirov, A. Y., Shadid, A., Thandavarayan, R. A., Yalamanchili, H. K., Doursout, M., Mills, T., et al. (2026) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2026.26.e4 · Cited by 3
“Similarly, in systemic lupus erythematosus, dysfunctional lymphatic drainage can impair the clearance of immune complexes, leading to continuous tissue damage and heightened immune activity (109).”
B cell encounters with apoptotic cells
Bekeredjian‐Ding, I. (2012) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.3109/08916934.2012.750298 · Cited by 3
Cell Proliferation, Survival, Necrosis and Apoptosis
Mierke, C. T. (2020) · Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58532-7_16 · Cited by 3
Kıyat, P., Kartı, Ö., Gerçik, Ö., & Şak, T. (2024) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-024-02970-9 · Cited by 3
Lemke, G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11888-8_2 · Cited by 3
Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Lupus
Sinha, A. A., & Dey-Rao, R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47927-1.00022-0 · Cited by 3
Induction of apoptosis and autophagy in T-lymphocytes of patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Валерьевна, С. Ю., Fathullina, A. R., Рафисович, И. Б., Abramov, S. N., ISMAGILOVA, R. R., Маулетовна, Б. Э., Andrianova, I. A., Maksudova, A. N., & Abramova, Z. I. (2020) · Kazan medical journal · doi:10.17816/kmj2020-347 · Cited by 3
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Therapeutic Update
Heyneman, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/0897190008322246 · Cited by 3
“The pathogenic process by which autoantibodies are generated against autoantigens has been postulated to involve defects in clearance of necrotic and apoptotic cells.(6,13,14) Impaired clearance in the early phases of apoptosis may lead to a secondary necrotic status.”
BackgroundThe Apoptotic Microtubule Network During the Execution Phase of Apoptosis
Ávila, M. O., Fernández-Vega, A., Garrido‐Maraver, J., Paz, M. V., de Lavera, I., de la Mata, M., Cordero, M. D., Alcocer‐Gómez, E., Pavón, A. D., Álvarez-Córdoba, M., et al. (2015) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/61481 · Cited by 3
A role of oestrogen in aggravating SLE-like syndrome in C4-deficient mice
SongnuanBoonsoongnern, P., Faisaikarm, T., Sangsuwan, P., Weerachatyanukul, W., & Kitiyanant, Y. (2015) · Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.12932/ap0624.33.4.2015 · Cited by 3
Complement in structure and immune homeostasis in placentaPreprint
Jin, S., Wu, C., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.161925487.75181178/v1 · Cited by 3
Tuberculosis and Autoimmunity: Well-Coordinated Duo
Yablonskiy, P. K., Belyaeva, I. V., Churilov, L. P., Владимирович, Э. М., Kudryavtsev, I. V., Malkova, А. M., Nikolaev, A. V., Starshinova, A. A., & Zinchenko, Y. S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99130-8.00018-0 · Cited by 2
Regulated cell death in systemic lupus erythematosus: Key pathways and targeted therapies
Deng, S., Hu, Z., Cai, S., & Dong, L. (2025) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103958 · Cited by 2
Novel therapeutic approaches in systemic lupus erythematosus
Szodoray, P. (2009) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Scholar · doi:10.2741/s59 · Cited by 2
“Due to the impaired clearance of ICs and apoptotic material, autoantigens are presented to T cells by professional APCs, including monocytes, macrophages, plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and even B cells, which further induces T cell activation (6-10).”
BackgroundThe role of hsa_circ_0008945 in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Wang, Q., Xu, B., Zhang, Q., Wang, H., Chen, S., Chen, T., & Liang, S. (2023) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-023-01524-9 · Cited by 2
“Increased apoptotic PBMCs from JSLE participated in the pathogenesis of the disease due to its defective/reduced function such as phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the body [20].”
BackgroundRole of dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Monrad, S. U., Desch, K. C., & Kaplan, M. J. (2008) · Future Rheumatology · doi:10.2217/17460816.3.3.269 · Cited by 2
“Histological analysis of lymph nodes in a subgroup of SLE patients has shown that apoptotic cells are not properly cleared from the germinal centers; consequently, nuclear auto-Ags bind to follicular DCs, possibly providing survival signals for autoreactive B cells [57,58].”
BackgroundJafari, Z., Hamzehpour, Z., Faghihi, M., Derazi, R. A., Makoui, M. H., Makoui, R. H., Fekri, S. M., Ansari, N. E., & Athari, S. S. (2025) · Modern Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/mr/roaf112 · Cited by 1
The Role of Human Microbiota in Autoimmune Diseases: Exploring Dysbiosis and Mechanisms
Liu, S., Sanaie, S., Abdollahi, H., Yazdanfar, F., Khaki, S. N., kheiri, S. V., & Mobed, A. (2026) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.70159 · Cited by 2
Nagata, W., & Ishizuka, T. (2026) · Human Cell · doi:10.1007/s13577-026-01381-5 · Cited by 1
“In patients with SLE, clearance of apoptotic debris and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which is rapid in healthy individuals, is delayed [13, 14].”
A Structural Perspective on Non-covalent Targeting of Conserved Polar Residues in Protein Kinases
Nasief, N. N., Patel, K. B., Ogboo, B. C., & Heppner, D. E. (2026) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6c00330 · Cited by 1
Cell and Tissue Destruction in Selected Disorders
Arnhold, J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 · Cited by 1
Khan, S. A., Ruutu, M. P., Thomas, R., & Bhardwaj, N. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1738-9.00009-8 · Cited by 1
Kwon, J., Park, Y., Kwon, H., Maeng, Y., Aldo, P. B., & Kim, S. H. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818508-7.00012-9 · Cited by 1
Role of the redox responsive transcription factor, NRF2 in immune cell function
Hamdam, J. M. (2014) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/00014133 · Cited by 1
Regulation of immune responses by apoptotic cells
Gurung, P. (2011) · doi:10.17077/etd.hn2nz4q9
“However, this hypothesis was questioned by observations where death of transformed cells and in some cases nontransformed cells elicited immune responses in the absence of infection (35, 36).”
BackgroundProgrammed cell clearance : Mechanisms and consequences of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells
Witasp, E. (2009) · Figshare
Expression of CSI and 2B4 in Human Lupus Erythematosus and Transcriptional Regulation of CSI Gene
Kim, J. (2010) · Digital Commons @ UNT Health Science Center
Micropartículas como sustrato antigénico en lupus eritematoso sistémico
Muñoz‐Grajales, C., & Duque, G. M. V. (2012) · Inmunología · doi:10.1016/j.inmuno.2012.04.001
Toll-like receptor 9 mediated tolerance in murine systemic lupus erythematosus
Schön, C. (2011) · DepositOnce · doi:10.14279/depositonce-2729
Review Developments in the scientific understanding of lupus
Ardoin, S. P., & Pisetsky, D. S. (2008)
Human IgG+ Plasma Cells in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Kofer, J. (2011) · DepositOnce · doi:10.14279/depositonce-2884
Genetic variation of innate immune receptor genes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Roberts, A. L. (2015)
Antibodies against Pentraxins and Lupus Nephritis Activity
Jakuszko, K. J. (2014) · Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology · doi:10.4172/2155-9899.1000246
“It has been shown that in the case of components C1q, C2 and C4 deficiency the opsonization of antigens is less efficient, and the accumulated cellular material is not removed, which stimulates secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and activates dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages and effector lymphocytes [6].”
BackgroundRole of B cell and hematopoietic cell intrinsic actions of ERα in lupus pathogenesis
Tabor, D. E. (2016) · DigitalCommons@UNMC
Macrophage Proinflammatory Activation The Exonuclease Trex1 Restrains
Fairhurst, A., Pereira‐Lopes, S., Celhar, T., & Sans-Fons, G. (2013)
Khan, T. N., Wong, E. B., Soni, C., & Ziaur, S. M. (2014)
Shoenfeld, Y., & Gershwin, M. E. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1422.000
Baglaenko, Y. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Gregory, C. D., Szondy, Z., Sarang, Z., Joós, G., Garabuczi, É., & Rühl, R. (2015)
Regulation of innate immune responses by Mertk
Williams, J. C. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/c327-5x75
Chan, T. M., & Yung, S. (2009) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.1161691.623274
sleem, S., kadry, Z. M., Gad, E. M., & Elall, A. A. (2022) · Sohag Medical Journal · doi:10.21608/smj.2022.174446.1355
Asgari, R., Bazzazan, M. A., & Hajian, S. (2024) · Journal of Renal Endocrinology · doi:10.34172/jre.2024.25158
Progressive lupus nephritis: Biological consequences of renal DNaseI gene silencing
Thiyagarajan, D. B. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
From Genes to Pathways: The Molecular Landscape of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Rashid, R., & Ramirez‐Ortiz, Z. G. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27104552
“In experimental models, delayed clearance of apoptotic material enhances DC activation and promotes the presentation of nuclear antigens to autoreactive lymphocytes [141].”
Mechanisms of microenvironmental conditioning in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Zhuang, L. (2012) · ERA
Metadata
- Authors
- Gaipl, U. S., Munoz, L. E., Grossmayer, G., Lauber, K., Franz, S., Sarter, K., Voll, R. E., Winkler, T., Kuhn, A., Kalden, J., Kern, P., & Herrmann, M.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Autoimmunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 114-121
- ISSN
- 0896-8411 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2021273693
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 18.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Autoimmunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
- Keywords
- systemic lupus erythematosus, efferocytosis, germinal center, follicular dendritic cells, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, UV-induced apoptosis, macrophage migration, anti-dsDNA antibodies, B cell maturation, damage-associated molecular patterns, nuclear autoantigens, secondary necrosis
- MeSH terms
- B-Lymphocytes, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Macrophages, Monocytes, Phagocytosis, Apoptosis, Models, Immunological, Germinal Center, In Situ Nick-End Labeling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
