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Wearable activity trackers, accuracy, adoption, acceptance and health impact: A systematic literature review
Open accessAbstract
Wearable activity trackers (WAT) are electronic monitoring devices that enable users to track and monitor their health-related physical fitness metrics including steps taken, level of activity, walking distance, heart rate, and sleep patterns. Despite the proliferation of these devices in various contexts of use and rising research interests, there is limited understanding of the broad research landscape. The purpose of this systematic review is therefore to synthesize the existing wealth of research on WAT, and to provide a comprehensive summary based on common themes and approaches. This article includes academic work published between 2013 and 2017 in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, ACM Digital Library, and Google Scholar. A final list of 463 articles was analyzed for this review. Topic modeling methods were used to identify six key themes (topics) of WAT research, namely: (1) Technology Focus, (2) Patient Treatment and Medical Settings, (3) Behavior Change, (4) Acceptance and Adoption (Abandonment), (5) Self-monitoring Data Centered, and (6) Privacy. We take an interdisciplinary approach to wearable activity trackers to propose several new research questions. The most important research gap we identify is to attempt to understand the rich human-information interaction that is enabled by WAT adoption.
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“Wearable devices hold great promise, particularly for data generation for cutting-edge health research, and their demand has risen considerably in the last few years [1-3].”
From The impact of wearable technologies in health research: scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Many studies have focused on novel technologies, presenting prototypes, or investigating the feasibility and acceptance of a wearable device in a specific setting [3,27].”
From The impact of wearable technologies in health research: scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Similar to other reviews, most devices were wrist-worn fitness trackers and accelerometers, and most of them are from the company Fitbit, measuring PA, HR, and sleep [3,27,31,224,225].”
From The impact of wearable technologies in health research: scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“These vital signs and device types seem to become the standard in wearable research [3,27,31,224,225].”
From The impact of wearable technologies in health research: scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Overall, we have identified a positive trend in wearable studies, underlining the growing interest in wearables in health research, in line with other reviews [3,224-226].”
From The impact of wearable technologies in health research: scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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“The perceived social pressure on an individual to perform or not perform a behavior is defined as subjective norms.43 When considered in the context of wearable activity tracker, it illustrates the motivations for an individual exerted by others to exercise or live a healthy lifestyle and, in turn, adopt a WAT device.…”
BackgroundInfluentialFuchita, M., Ridgeway, K. J., Kimzey, C., Melanson, E. L., & Fernandez-Bustamante, A. (2023) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/46629 · Cited by 16
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“Unfortunately, essential details of the implementation process of using WATs for research in global south regions such as those in sub-Saharan Africa are not widely documented (Shin et al., 2019; Huhn et al., 2022b).”
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“Wearable physical activity trackers, such as accelerometers, pedometers, and the Fitbit (Fitbit Inc), are portable electrical or electromechanical devices that count each step a person takes by detecting the motion of the person along the body’s long axis [7,8].”
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“For instance, the number of studies specifically pertaining to wearable activity trackers totalled 463 between 2013 and 2017 (Shin et al., 2019).”
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Self-citationCustomer segmentation based on activity monitoring applications for the recommendation system
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“Although research about couriers is plentiful, most of it is about courier-related information systems [7], courier’s traffic accident compensation [8], courier service design [9], financial benefits [10], courier employment protection [11], and courier work efficiency improvement design [12–14].”
Shimura, H., Okada, S., Maruo, K., Daimaru, K., Deguchi, N., Fujiwara, Y., & Sasai, H. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/64602 · Cited by 4
“Over the past decade, wristband-type wearable activity trackers (eg, Fitbit, Garmin, and Xiaomi) have become increasingly popular among consumers, and there has been growing interest in using these devices for research [2,3].”
Bridging UTAUT and HBM: determinants of wearable device adoption among chronic disease patients
Guo, Z., & Chen, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1687887 · Cited by 5
Bridging the Digital Divide: Smart Aging in Place and the Future of Gerontechnology
Arieli, R., Faulhaber, M. E., & Bishop, A. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20970-3_1 · Cited by 5
Cuesta‐López, I., Secades‐Villa, R., & González‐Roz, A. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00573-z · Cited by 5
“They provide users with acceptably accurate information about various (PA) variables (number of steps per day, exercise time or intensity, etc.) [12, 13].”
van de Belt, T. H., de Croon, A., Freriks, F., Blomseth Christiansen, T., Eg Larsen, J., & de Groot, M. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/32704 · Cited by 5
“Previous research supports the notion that a one-size-fits-all approach does not exist; rather, different options should be developed for user groups with different needs [35-37].”
Fournier, H., Kondratova, I., & Molyneaux, H. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60149-2_40 · Cited by 6
Аvdeeva, D. K., Максимов, И. В., Ivanov, M. L., Yuzhakov, M. M., Turushev, N. V., Rybalka, S., Batalov, R. E., Guo, W., & Filippova, E. B. (2020) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108600 · Cited by 5
Anesthesia in the modern world of apps and technology: Implications and impact on wellness
Lo, C. C., Yu, J. L., Görges, M., & Matava, C. T. (2020) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/pan.14051 · Cited by 5
“54”
Dataset of fitness trackers and smartwatches to measuring physical activity in research
Henriksen, A., Woldaregay, A. Z., Mužný, M., Hartvigsen, G., Hopstock, L. A., & Grimsgaard, S. (2022) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-022-06146-5 · Cited by 5
de Boer, P. S., van Deursen, A. J. A. M., & van Rompay, T. J. L. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2097367 · Cited by 5
“Studies in this field have informed designers about different user applications and improved the usability of activity trackers (Shin et al., 2019).”
Beyond validation: getting wearable activity trackers into cardiovascular care—a discussion paper
Straiton, N., Moons, P., Verstrael, A., Liu, M., & Winter, M. M. (2024) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvae019 · Cited by 9
Integrating wearable devices with AI to explore a disease world spanning time and space
Liu, Y., Wu, Y., Ren, H.-X., Wu, S., Hong, J., Du, J., Sun, M., Lin, Z.-H., & Miao, Y.-B. (2025) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111481 · Cited by 5
Tuominen, M., Koski, P., Axelin, A., Stenholm, S., & Leskinen, T. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221147419 · Cited by 4
“6,7 Currently, the use of wearable activity trackers for promoting physical activity is generally recommended based on their availability at relatively low cost ( ≤ US$50) and the accumulating evidence of their effectiveness for increasing physical activity.”
BackgroundRethinking the Design of Human-Data Interaction through a Study of Older Adults’ Wellbeing
Ambe, A. H., Roomkham, S., Lovell, D. R., & Brereton, M. F. (2023) · Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3638380.3638451 · Cited by 4
“Personal informatics and quantified self approaches use off-the-shelf applications and devices to track experiences through numbers and graphs, such as physical activity, sleep patterns, and heart rate [68, 69, 74].”
BackgroundReducing the global burden of diabetes using mobile health
Deepa, M., Muralidharan, S., & Mohan, V. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817485-2.00001-8 · Cited by 4
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Development and validation of a ‘ MyLyt ’ wearable light tracking device
Dhakal, R., Rudrapankte, J. R., Chittajallu, S. N. S. H., Lawrenson, J. G., Huntjens, B., Shah, R., & Verkicharla, P. K. (2022) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.13061 · Cited by 6
“From the earlier use of bulky instruments, healthcare industries today are developing portable wearable devices.(3,4) Current commercially available trackers can record vital body functions, such as heart rate, oxygen saturation level (SpO2), breathing rate, body temperature, calories burnt, sleep pattern and physical…”
Noor, N. M., Zolkepli, I. A., & Omar, B. (2023) · Journal of Information and Communication Technology · doi:10.32890/jict2023.22.1.5 · Cited by 4
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“Shin et al. [33] found that wearables are best accepted by patients who are motivated to monitor a chronic condition.”
BackgroundTechnical Function Evaluation of Two Smart Wearables and Data Analysis Methods for Step Counts
Boles, K., Gallimore, M. R., Howland, C., Emezue, C., & Reeder, B. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35017-7_6 · Cited by 2
Daun, J. T., Bansal, M., Iversen, R. L., McDonough, M. H., Urgoiti, G. B. R., Dhruva, T., McLaughlin, E., Capozzi, L., Easaw, J. C., McNeely, M. L., et al. (2025) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol32020111 · Cited by 3
“Participants completed baseline and 12-week measures of patient-reported outcomes (online) and functional fitness (online or in-person), as well as measures of objective physical activity across the full 12 weeks via a Garmin activity tracker [22].”
Lim, R., Boord, M. S., Soriano, J., Bilton, R. L., & Roughead, E. E. (2025) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaf019 · Cited by 3
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Methlagl, M., Mairhofer, S., & Michlmayr, F. (2024) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-024-01094-2 · Cited by 3
“…of e-sports [2], the development of wearable fitness devices which are used to track and monitor users’ physical activity and training-related data [3], virtual-or mixed-reality environments for improving sports skills [4, 5] or the launch of virtual-/mixed-reality sports competitions [6].”
Sapouna, V., Spinou, A., Mavronasou, A., Douros, K., Kapreli, E., & Kortianou, E. A. (2025) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2025.108102 · Cited by 3
Szeto, K., Maher, C. A., Curtis, R., Singh, B., Cain, T., Beckett, D., & Ferguson, T. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13111215 · Cited by 6
“At present, many WAT devices do not meet the stringent data privacy and security requirements of healthcare [35,36].”
Assessing the Management of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness by Napping Benefits
Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., Yamamoto, T., Monteiro, D., Budde, H., Rocha, N., Cid, L., Teixeira, D., Telles‐Correia, D., Veras, A. B., Machado, S. E. D. C., et al. (2020) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-020-00090-9 · Cited by 5
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“Although the pathomechanisms leading to CRF remain unclear to date, previous studies have suggested a close relationship between CRF and proinflammatory pathways, including pathways that lead to increases in levels of interleukins [17,18].”
BackgroundMuller, C. (2022) · African Journal for Physical Activity and Health Sciences (AJPHES) · doi:10.37597/ajphes.2022.28.4.1 · Cited by 3
Choma, E. A., Hayes, S., Lewis, B. A., Rothman, A. J., Wyman, J. F., Guan, W., & McMahon, S. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/47891 · Cited by 3
Zompanti, A., Basoli, F., Saggio, G., Mattioli, F., Sabatini, A., Grasso, S., Marino, M., Longo, U. G., Trombetta, M., & Santonico, M. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24196182 · Cited by 3
“Generally, applications for health monitoring have been favored by wearables more than other devices [5,15,16].”
BackgroundInformation management according to Professor Wilson
Macevičiūtė, E. (2025) · Information Research · doi:10.47989/ir30253981 · Cited by 3
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shin, G., Jarrahi, M. H., Fei, Y., Karami, A., Gafinowitz, N., Byun, A., & Lu, X.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Shin, Grace
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Informatics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 93
- Pages
- 103153
- ISSN
- 1532-0464 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2927358919
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 182
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 7.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Informatics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- wearable activity trackers, physical activity monitoring, device accuracy, technology adoption, user acceptance, abandonment, behavior change, self-monitoring, privacy, human-computer interaction, health effects, wearable sensors
- MeSH terms
- Fitness Trackers, Adult, Diffusion of Innovation, Humans, Patient Acceptance of Health Care
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