A photothermal-photocatalytic layered aerogel for harvesting water and hydrogen from seawater
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen production from seawater holds potential to decrease the use of fresh or pre-treated water. However, direct photocatalytic splitting of seawater currently encounters challenges such as corrosion of catalyst and unsatisfied stability. To address these issues, we have integrated seawater desalination with photocatalytic water vapor splitting for in-situ hydrogen production, while also obtaining freshwater. This approach avoids direct contact between photocatalytic materials and seawater solution, effectively mitigating corrosion and enhancing hydrogen production performance. Based on this design, we constructed a layered structure of photothermal-photocatalytic aerogel material via in-situ synthesis method and designed corresponding device for freshwater-hydrogen coproduction, demonstrating notable hydrogen production rate of 17.94 mmol m-2 h-1 with solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 0.12 ± 0.02 % and freshwater production rate of 0.92 kg m-2 h-1. This work demonstrates significant practical value in photothermal-photocatalysis field, potentially addressing the problem of energy and water scarcity in off-grid region.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The performance surpasses previously reported aerogel-based platforms, including directional pore-structured carbonized wood (39.98 mmol m−2 h−1) and photothermal-photocatalytic layered aerogels (17.94 mmol m−2 h−1).
“Additionally, the performance surpasses that of previously reported aerogel-based platforms, including the photocatalytic system consisting of directional pore-structured carbonized wood (39.98 mmol m 2 h 1 ) 64 and photothermalphotocatalytic layered aerogels (17.94 mmol m 2 h 1 ), 65 although it remains slightly lower than the most recent advanced designs (163 mmol m 2 h 1 ). 63”
From Gradient-structured directional porous floatable aerogels for effective solar-driven hydrogen production and steam generation (2025) · cites this paper as [65]
Cites
Solar steam generation by heat localization
Ghasemi, H., Ni, G., Marconnet, A. M., Loomis, J., Yerci, S., Miljkovic, N., & Chen, G. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5449 · Cited by 2,333 · see citing works
Highly efficient solar vapour generation via hierarchically nanostructured gels
Zhao, F., Zhou, X., Shi, Y., Qian, X., Alexander, M., Zhao, X., Mendez, S., Yang, R., Qu, L., & Yu, G. (2018) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0097-z · Cited by 2,089 · see citing works
Gao, M., Zhu, L., Peh, C. K. N., & Ho, G. W. (2018) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c8ee01146j · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
Hydrogels and Hydrogel-Derived Materials for Energy and Water Sustainability
Guo, Y., Bae, J., Fang, Z., Li, P., Zhao, F., & Yu, G. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00345 · Cited by 1,401 · see citing works
Solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of more than 9% in photocatalytic water splitting
Zhou, P. C., Navid, I. A., Ma, Y., Xiao, Y., Wang, P., Ye, Z., Zhou, B., Sun, K., & Mi, Z. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05399-1 · Cited by 1,367 · see citing works
Self-assembly of highly efficient, broadband plasmonic absorbers for solar steam generation
Zhou, L., Tan, Y., Ji, D., Zhu, B., Zhang, P., Xu, J., Gan, Q., Yu, Z., & Zhu, J. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501227 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
Xu, W. D., Hu, X., Zhuang, S., Wang, Y., Li, X., Zhou, L., Zhu, S. N., & Zhu, J. (2018) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.201702884 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Recent advances and perspectives for solar-driven water splitting using particulate photocatalysts
Tao, X., Zhao, Y., Wang, S., Li, C., & Li, R. (2022) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d1cs01182k · Cited by 878 · see citing works
He, S., Chen, C., Kuang, Y., Mi, R., Liu, Y., Pei, Y., Kong, W., Gan, W., Xie, H., Hitz, E., et al. (2019) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c9ee00945k · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Guo, Y., Zhou, X., Zhao, F., Bae, J., Rosenberger, B., & Yu, G. (2019) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b02301 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Boosting photocatalytic hydrogen production from water by photothermally induced biphase systems
Guo, S., Li, X., Li, J., & Wei, B. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21526-4 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Renewable and sustainable approaches for desalination
Gude, V. G., Nirmalakhandan, N. N., & Deng, S. (2010) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.06.008 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Gao, M., Peh, C. K. N., & Ho, G. W. (2016) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c6ee00971a · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Floatable photocatalytic hydrogel nanocomposites for large-scale solar hydrogen production
Lee, W. H., Lee, C. W., Cha, G. D., Lee, B.-H., Jeong, J. H., Park, H., Heo, J., Bootharaju, M. S., Sunwoo, S.-H., Kim, J. H., et al. (2023) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-023-01385-4 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Gao, M., Peh, C. K. N., Zhu, L., Yilmaz, G., & Ho, G. W. (2020) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202000925 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Li, L., & Zhang, J. (2020) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105682 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Urbain, F., Smirnov, V., Becker, J., Lambertz, A., Yang, F., Ziegler, J., Kaiser, B., Jaegermann, W., Rau, U., & Finger, F. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c5ee02393a · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Recent progress for hydrogen production by photocatalytic natural or simulated seawater splitting
Zhang, J., Hu, W., Cao, S., & Piao, L. (2020) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-020-2880-z · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Lignin-Supported Heterogeneous Photocatalyst for the Direct Generation of H 2 O 2 from Seawater
Gopakumar, A., Ren, P. R., Chen, J., Rodrigues, B. V. M., Ching, H. Y. V., Jaworski, A., Doorslaer, S. V., Rokicińska, A., Kuśtrowski, P., Barcaro, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c10786 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Pornrungroj, C., Annuar, A. B. M., Wang, Q., Rahaman, M., Bhattacharjee, S., Andrei, V., & Reisner, E. (2023) · Nature Water · doi:10.1038/s44221-023-00139-9 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Recent Advances of Green Electricity Generation: Potential in Solar Interfacial Evaporation System
Wang, J., Cao, X. P., Cui, X., Wang, H., Zhang, H., Wang, K., Li, X., Li, Z., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202311151 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Engineering Hydrogels for Efficient Solar Desalination and Water Purification
Guo, Y., & Yu, G. (2021) · Accounts of Materials Research · doi:10.1021/accountsmr.1c00057 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Dang, V.-H., Nguyen, T.-A., Le, M., Nguyen, D. Q., Wang, Y. H., & Wu, J. C. S. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.149213 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
He, P., Lan, H., Bai, H., Zhu, Y., Fan, Z., Liu, J., Liu, L., Niu, R., Dong, Z., & Gong, J. (2023) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.123001 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Oshima, T., Nishioka, S., Kikuchi, Y., Hirai, S., Yanagisawa, K.-I., Eguchi, M., Miseki, Y., Yokoi, T., Yui, T., Kimoto, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.0c02053 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Efficient Unassisted Overall Photocatalytic Seawater Splitting on GaN-Based Nanowire Arrays
Guan, X., Chowdhury, F. A., Pant, N., Guo, L., Vayssières, L., & Mi, Z. (2018) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00875 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, S., Ma, W., Xiang, H., Cheng, Y., Yang, S., Weng, W., & Zhu, M. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.030 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Liu, S., Huang, C., Huang, Q., Wang, F., & Guo, C. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c9ta02913c · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Tailoring polypyrrole-based Janus aerogel for efficient and stable solar steam generation
Wen, B., Zhang, X., Yan, Y., Huang, Y., Lin, S., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhou, B., Yang, S., & Liu, J. (2021) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2021.115228 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Maeda, K., Masuda, H., & Domen, K. (2008) · Catalysis Today · doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2008.09.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Li, J., Ding, L., Su, Z., Li, K., Fang, F., Sun, R., Qin, Y., & Chang, K. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202305535 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Waste Egg Tray and Toner-Derived Highly Efficient 3D Solar Evaporator for Freshwater Generation
Ivan, M. N. A. S., Saleque, A. M., Ahmed, S., Cheng, P. K., Qiao, J., Alam, T. I., & Tsang, Y. H. (2022) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c22215 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Li, W., Li, J., Ding, L., Zhu, X., Sun, R., & Chang, K. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202411387 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Cogeneration of Clean Water and Valuable Energy/Resources via Interfacial Solar Evaporation
Shi, P., Li, J., Song, Y. L., Xu, N., & Zhu, J. (2024) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00643 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Enhanced photocatalytic splitting of photothermally induced water vapor to evolve hydrogen
Han, H., Huang, K., Yao, Y., Li, Z., & Meng, X. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.138419 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Ivan, M. N. A. S., Saleque, A. M., Ahmed, S., Guo, Z. L., Zu, D., Xu, L., Alam, T. I., Hani, S. U., & Tsang, Y. H. (2023) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d2ta08237c · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Zhang, W., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119358 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Tian, L., Guan, X., Dong, Y., Zong, S., Dai, A., Zhang, Z., & Guo, L. (2023) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-023-01580-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationLarge-area, low-cost, highly durable solar evaporators for sustainable solarizing seawater
Zhao, X., Wang, Z., Li, J., Wang, H., Xing, S., Ji, Z., & Zhang, P. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.153079 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kaiya, K., Ueki, Y., Kawamoto, H., Watanabe, K., Yoshino, S., Yamaguchi, Y., & Kudo, A. (2024) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d4sc03978e · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zhang, T., Guan, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, B., Qu, J., Zeng, W., Ye, X., & Guo, L. (2024) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109273 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationProgress on smart integrated systems of seawater purification and electrolysis
Li, L., Chen, G., Shao, Z., & Huang, H. (2023) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d3ee02712k · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wang, L., Lin, J., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Liu, X., Wang, Z., Liu, F., Sun, X., Yang, T., Chen, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d2ta09891a · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ren, J., Liu, Z., Li, Q., Chen, L., Gong, J., Wang, H., Li, Y., Qu, J., & Niu, R. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c00516 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bio‐Inspired Ultrathin Perfect Absorber for High‐Performance Photothermal Conversion
Liao, Q., Zhu, K., Hao, X., Wu, C., Li, J., Cheng, H., Yan, J., Jiang, L., & Qu, L. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202313366 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sealey, J. E., Frazier, C. E., Samaranayake, G., & Glasser, W. G. (2000) · Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(20000201)38:3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Liu, F., Wang, L., Bradley, R. H., Zhao, B., & Wu, W. (2019) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c9ra05637h · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Thermal design strategy for enhanced freshwater harvesting with interfacial evaporation
Luo, X. L., Gu, X., Shi, J., Zhao, C., & Bao, H. (2022) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119104 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The critical factors of photocatalytic H2 production from seawater by using TiO2 as photocatalyst
He, Y., Li, P., Liu, W. N., Li, A., Qu, D., Wang, X., & Sun, Z. (2022) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-022-5078-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zhao, S., Zhang, C., Wang, S., Lu, K., Wang, B., Huang, J., Peng, H., Li, N., & Liu, M. (2023) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d3nr04937j · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Fan, D., Tang, Y., Liao, Y., Mi, Y., Lu, Y., & Yang, X. (2023) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109441 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Chen, H., Ding, L., Zhang, K., Chen, Z., Lei, Y., Zhou, Z., & Hou, R. (2020) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.20964/2020.10.72 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Floating solar hydrogen production
Zhu, M., & Li, Z. (2023) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-023-01387-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Guan, X., Zong, S., Tian, L., & Liu, M. (2022) · Materials Today Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.101018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, S., Liu, D., Zhang, C., Huang, J., Zhao, S., Lu, K., Wang, B., Peng, H., Si, Y., & Liu, M. (2024) · Science China Materials · doi:10.1007/s40843-024-3005-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Integrated System for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting from Arid Air
Yan, X., Li, T., Huang, J., Zhao, X., Liu, F., Zhao, R., Guan, X., Shi, J., Chen, W., & Liu, M. (2024) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04185 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, H., Ahmed, K. W., Abdelsalam, M. A., Fowler, M. W., & Wu, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Energy · doi:10.1007/s11708-024-0917-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Coupling photothermal evaporation into photocatalysis for enhanced hydrogen production from water
Wang, B., Zhao, S., Wang, S., Fu, Y., & Liu, M. (2024) · The Innovation Energy · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-energy.2024.100018 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Polymer gels for solar-driven interfacial evaporation
Ma, N., Xie, N., Zhang, N., & Guan, X. (2024) · Next Materials · doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100432 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, S., Lu, K., Hu, A., Li, N., Feng, Y., Jing, D., & Liu, M. (2022) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.17855 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ayça, S., & Dinçer, İ. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.355 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Recent Advances of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution via Water Vapor Splitting
Guo, Y., Tan, X., Yu, T., & Gong, J. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202522276 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gong, D., Sun, S., Jiang, Y., Meng, X., Xu, J., Tong, Z., & Huang, K. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.170454 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Shi, C., Zheng, R., Yue, Y., Wu, M., Li, P., Fan, L., Guo, C., Zhang, X., Luo, P., Zhang, J., et al. (2025) · Nanoscale Horizons · doi:10.1039/d5nh00359h · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Sun, J., Farid, M. U., Li, X., Lü, G., Guo, J., Shang, W., Boey, M. W., Lee, V. P. H., Guan, X., Ravi, S. K., et al. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202513926 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDuan, R., Ullah, I., Qureshi, W. A., Qin, N., & Zhao, P. Z. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.175742 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lv, H., Lu, C., Zhang, Y., Macharia, D. K., Yu, N., Zhang, L., & Chen, Z.-G. (2025) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111472 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Programmable Assembly of Hierarchical 3D Aerogel
Ji, Y., Chen, Z., Si, Y., Tanwei, M., Wang, S., Cao, S., Liu, B., Wu, G., & He, D. (2025) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202503979 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lai, X., Ai, L., Xu, Q., Liu, A., & Jiang, J. (2025) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.138290 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, J., Ren, P., Zhang, Y., Cai, Z., Chen, Z., Guo, Z., Duan, Z., & Jin, Y. (2025) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.139364 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
An asymmetric photothermal platform for coupled seawater splitting and desalination
Lin, J., Xu, H., Tian, W., Sun, H., Zhang, H., & Wang, S. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71139-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Okutsu, R., Ochiai, S., Itabashi, T., Shinozaki, Y., Nakayama, H., Gemma, R., & Takashiri, M. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.156207 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dong, L., Guan, X., & Guo, L. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.76782 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo‐Stage Solar Hydrogen Production in a Tandem Photothermal Catalytic‐Electrocatalytic System
Zhang, T., Qu, J., Wang, B., Dong, L., Lv, F., Zhang, C., Zhu, B., Ye, X., Zeng, W., Guan, X., et al. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.75328 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDuan, R., Ullah, I., Yang, C., Yao, W., Almutairi, Z. A., Xu, A., Qin, N., & Zhao, P. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.178114 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Green steam from sunlight: interfacial evaporation enabling low-carbon solutions
Zhao, X., Song, Y., & Zhu, J. (2025) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb-2025-0669
Li, S., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Lu, W., Deng, S., & Lin, M. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202528287
Chao, L.-F., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Song, L., Cao, Y.-D., Zhang, J.-Y., Liu, H., Song, Y.-H., & Gao, G. (2026) · CrystEngComm · doi:10.1039/d6ce00115g
Jing, T., Dai, M., Hong, F., Yu, H., Wang, S., Guo, L., Lu, T., Wang, S., & He, Z. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.124461
Self-citationStrategies for designing anti-chlorine corrosion photocatalysts in marine environments
Cao, Y., Li, T., & Cheng, X. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.124618
Wang, Z., Wang, H., Lu, C., Li, L., Wen, X., Hu, G., Tang, Q., Qi, G., Wu, B., Gong, J., et al. (2026) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2026.104038 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gao, X., Liu, F., Yan, X., Ma, X., & Liu, M. (2026) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2026.112406
Su, Q., Wang, C., Wei, Z., Lan, Y., & Shangguan, W. (2026) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.70894
Srithar, A., Hemachandira, V. S., Thenappan, S., Sengolrajan, T., Prabhu, R., & Kumaran, S. (2026) · Research on Chemical Intermediates · doi:10.1007/s11164-026-06139-0
Pan, Z., Hu, M., Zhou, X., Wang, R., Jin, J., Wang, H., & Gong, Y. (2026) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6c05307
- Authors
- Ma, N., Dong, L., Zhang, T., Xie, N., Tian, L., Zhang, Z., Guan, X., & Guo, L.
- Affiliations
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Guan, Xiangjiu
- Guo, Liejin
- Venue
- Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-06
- Volume
- 687
- Pages
- 573-581
- ISSN
- 0021-9797 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4407625401
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 10
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (52376209, 52488201)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M673386, 2020T130503)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Solar-Powered Water Purification Methods
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells
- Keywords
- seawater desalination, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, solar hydrogen production, in situ synthesis, solar-to-hydrogen efficiency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
