Cited by 630Delphi Technique in ResearchMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A taxonomy has been developed for outcomes in medical research to help improve knowledge discovery

Open access

Dodd, Susanna, Clarke, Mike, Becker, Lorne, Mavergames, Chris, Fish, Rebecca, Williamson, Paula R.·2018·Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

DOI 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.12.020PMC PMC5854263

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: There is increasing recognition that insufficient attention has been paid to the choice of outcomes measured in clinical trials. The lack of a standardized outcome classification system results in inconsistencies due to ambiguity and variation in how outcomes are described across different studies. Being able to classify by outcome would increase efficiency in searching sources such as clinical trial registries, patient registries, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database of core outcome sets (COS), thus aiding knowledge discovery. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A literature review was carried out to determine existing outcome classification systems, none of which were sufficiently comprehensive or granular for classification of all potential outcomes from clinical trials. A new taxonomy for outcome classification was developed, and as proof of principle, outcomes extracted from all published COS in the COMET database, selected Cochrane reviews, and clinical trial registry entries were classified using this new system. RESULTS: Application of this new taxonomy to COS in the COMET database revealed that 274/299 (92%) COS include at least one physiological outcome, whereas only 177 (59%) include at least one measure of impact (global quality of life or some measure of functioning) and only 105 (35%) made reference to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: This outcome taxonomy will be used to annotate outcomes included in COS within the COMET database and is currently being piloted for use in Cochrane Reviews within the Cochrane Linked Data Project. Wider implementation of this standard taxonomy in trial and systematic review databases and registries will further promote efficient searching, reporting, and classification of trial outcomes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.12.020

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Linking Clinical Variables With Health-Related Quality of Life: A Conceptual Model of Patient Outcomes
Wilson, I. B. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520250075037 · Cited by 3,027
The COMET Handbook: version 1.0
Williamson, P. R., Altman, D. G., Bagley, H., Barnes, K. L., Blazeby, J. M., Brookes, S. T., Clarke, M., Gargon, E., Gorst, S., Harman, N., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1978-4 · Cited by 2,011
Self-citation
The human phenotype ontology: a tool for annotating and analyzing human hereditary disease
Robinson, P. N., Köhler, S., Bauer, S., Seelow, D., Horn, D., & Mundlos, S. (2008) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.09.017 · Cited by 1,034
Developing core outcome measurement sets for clinical trials: OMERACT filter 2.0
Boers, M., Kirwan, J. R., Wells, G., Beaton, D., Gossec, L., d'Agostino, M.-A., Conaghan, P. G., Bingham, C. O., Brooks, P., Landewé, R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.11.013 · Cited by 781
Characteristics of meta-analyses and their component studies in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: a cross-sectional, descriptive analysis
Davey, J., Turner, R. M., Clarke, M. J., & Higgins, J. P. (2011) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-160 · Cited by 404
Self-citation
What are the best outcome measurements for atopic eczema? A systematic review
Schmitt, J., Langan, S., & Williams, H. C. (2007) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.011 · Cited by 388
Choosing Important Health Outcomes for Comparative Effectiveness Research: A Systematic Review
Gargon, E., Gurung, B., Medley, N., Altman, D. G., Blazeby, J. M., Clarke, M. J., & Williamson, P. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099111 · Cited by 343
Self-citation
World Health Organization and International League of Associations for Rheumatology core endpoints for symptom modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials.
Boers, M., Tugwell, P., Felson, D. T., Pl, V. R., Kirwan, J., Edmonds, J. P., Js, S., Khaltaev, N., & Kd, M. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 308
Developing core outcomes sets: methods for identifying and including patient-reported outcomes (PROs)
Macefield, R. C., Jacobs, M., Korfage, I. J., Nicklin, J., Whistance, R. N., Brookes, S. T., Sprangers, M. A. G., & Blazeby, J. M. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-49 · Cited by 181
Choosing Important Health Outcomes for Comparative Effectiveness Research: An Updated Review and User Survey
Gorst, S. L., Gargon, E., Clarke, M. J., Blazeby, J. M., Altman, D. G., & Williamson, P. R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146444 · Cited by 154
Self-citation

Show all 23 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 630

Systematic review of outcomes in studies of reproductive genetic carrier screening: Towards development of a core outcome set
Richardson, E., McEwen, A., Newton-John, T. R. O., Crook, A., & Jacobs, C. (2021) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.gim.2021.08.005 · Cited by 11
Patient-Relevant Outcomes in Psoriasis
Hilhorst, N. T., Deprez, E., Pauwels, N., Grine, L., Lambert, J., & Hoorens, I. (2022) · JAMA Dermatology · doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.1756 · Cited by 11
Core Patient-Centered Outcomes for Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature from the STRONG-AYA Project
Janssen, S. H. M., van der Graaf, W. T. A., Hurley-Wallace, A. L., Vlooswijk, C. C. P., Padilla, C. S., Cairns, C., Tyler, C. J., Holthuis, E. I., Rohde, G. E., Hunt, K. J., et al. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17030454 · Cited by 11
A Systematic Review of Heterogeneity in Outcome Definition and Reporting in Localised Renal Cancer
Beyer, K., Widdershoven, C., Wintner, L. M., Dabestani, S., Marconi, L. S., Moss, C. L., Kinsella, N., Yuan, Y., Giles, R. H., Barod, R., et al. (2022) · European Urology Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.euros.2022.11.014 · Cited by 11
“The taxonomy comprises 38 outcome domains within five core areas: death, adverse events, life impact, physiological/clinical, and resource use [13].”
Influential
Outcome Reporting in Interventional Necrotizing Enterocolitis Studies: A Systematic Review
van Varsseveld, O. C., Klerk, D. H., Jester, I., Lacher, M., Kooi, E. M. W., & Hulscher, J. B. F. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.06.017 · Cited by 10
What outcomes do studies use to measure the impact of prognostication on people with advanced cancer? Findings from a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies
Spooner, C., Vivat, B., White, N., Bruun, A., Rohde, G. E., Kwek, P. X., & Stone, P. C. (2023) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163231191148 · Cited by 10
“…23 (1) coding data pertaining to patient and informal caregiver experiences and perceptions of prognostication; (2) grouping codes into descriptive themes and (3) developing analytical themes using the COMET taxonomy 21 as a framework, to enable later combination of results of both sets of studies.”
Systematic review of patient and service outcome measures of remote digital technologies for cochlear implant and hearing aid users
Laird, E., Sucher, C., Nakano, K., & Ferguson, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Audiology and Otology · doi:10.3389/fauot.2024.1403814 · Cited by 13
The Core Outcome DEvelopment for Carrier Screening (CODECS) study: protocol for development of a core outcome set
Richardson, E., McEwen, A., Newton-John, T. R. O., Manera, K., & Jacobs, C. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05439-7 · Cited by 9
Protocol for the development of Core Outcome Sets for Early intervention trials to Prevent Obesity in CHildren (COS-EPOCH)
Brown, V., Moodie, M., Tran, H. N. Q., Sultana, M., Hunter, K. E., Byrne, R., Zarnowiecki, D. M., Seidler, A. L., Golley, R. K., Taylor, R. W., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048104 · Cited by 9
“25 To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive and validated taxonomy fit for our specific purpose has not been developed.”
Outcomes Evaluating Quality of Life and Their Measurement Properties in Early-onset Scoliosis: A Systematic Review
Baird, C., Archer, J. E., Gardner, A. C., Rushton, A. B., & Heneghan, N. R. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics · doi:10.1097/bpo.0000000000002161 · Cited by 10
Establishing a Core Outcome Set for Endodontic Treatment modalities
Karim, I. A. E., Duncan, H. F., Cushley, S., Nagendrababu, V., Kirkevang, L., Kruse, C., CHONG, B. S., Shah, P. K., Lappin, M. J., McLister, C., et al. (2022) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.13749 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Outcomes of Importance to Patients in Reproductive Genetic Carrier Screening: A Qualitative Study to Inform a Core Outcome Set
Richardson, E., McEwen, A., Newton-John, T. R. O., Crook, A., & Jacobs, C. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12081310 · Cited by 10
Made to measure—Selecting outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage research
Andersen, C., English, S. W., & Delaney, A. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.1000454 · Cited by 10
Protocol for developing core outcome sets for evaluation of psychosocial interventions for children and families with experience or at risk of child maltreatment or domestic abuse
Howarth, E., Claire, P., Woodman, J., Walker, E., Chesters, H., Szilassy, E., Gilbert, R. E., & Feder, G. S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044431 · Cited by 10
Scout - sarcoidosis outcomes taskforce. A systematic review of outcomes to inform the development of a core outcome set for pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Harman, N., Gorst, S. L., Williamson, P. R., Barnathan, E. S., Baughman, R. P., Judson, M. A., Junk, H., Kampstra, N. A., Sullivan, E. J., Victorson, D. E., et al. (2021) · Sarcoidosis vasculitis and diffuse lung diseases · doi:10.36141/svdld.v38i3.10737 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Development of a core outcome set and outcome measurement set for physiotherapy trials in adults with Bronchiectasis (COS-PHyBE study): A protocol
Hamzeh, H., Spencer, S., & Kelly, C. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263695 · Cited by 10
“The 38 outcome domains cover the core areas of death, physiological outcomes, life impact, resource use, and adverse effects [29].”
Toward a Core Outcome Set for Head, Neck, and Respiratory Disease in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II: Systematic Literature Review and Assessment of Heterogeneity in Outcome Reporting
Metryka, A., Brown, N., Mercer, J., Wilkinson, S., Jones, S. A., Williamson, P. R., & Bruce, I. A. (2019) · Journal of Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Screening · doi:10.1590/2326-4594-iem-18-0016 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
A protocol for developing core outcome sets for laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair
Liu, X., Ma, Q., Chen, J., & Yang, H. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06845-1 · Cited by 10
Pregnancy Nutrition Core Outcome Set (PRENCOS): A core outcome set development study
Killeen, S. L., Callaghan, S. L., O'Reilly, S. L., & McAuliffe, F. M. (2023) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17470 · Cited by 9
A core outcome set for prophylaxis and perioperative treatment of von Willebrand disease: The coreVWD initiative
Clearfield, E., Kim, B. B., Ford, S., Connell, N. T., Santaella, M. E. E., Lavin, M., Degenaar-Dujardin, M. E. L., Ayoub, E., Flood, V. H., Rotellini, D., et al. (2024) · Haemophilia · doi:10.1111/hae.15122 · Cited by 9
“19 The candidate list was reviewed and refined by Advisory Board members.”
Consumer-oriented (patient and family) outcomes from nursing in genomics: a scoping review of the literature (2012–2022)
Keels, J. N., Thomas, J., Calzone, K. A., Badzek, L., Dewell, S., Murthy, V., O’Shea, R., Tonkin, E. T., & Dwyer, A. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2024.1481948 · Cited by 10
A core outcome set for best care for the dying person: Results of an international Delphi study and consensus meeting
Zambrano, S. C., Egloff, M., González-Jaramillo, V., Christen, A., Allan, S. G., Barnestein‐Fonseca, P., Ellershaw, J., Fischer, C., Haugen, D. F., Lunder, U., et al. (2024) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163241300867 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
A core outcome set for maternal and neonatal health research and surveillance of emerging and ongoing epidemic threats (MNH-EPI-COS): a modified Delphi-based international consensus
Pingray, V., Klein, K., Alonso, J. P., Belizán, M., Babinska, M., Alger, J., Barsosio, H. C., Blackburn, K., Bolaji, O., Carson, C., et al. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.103025 · Cited by 10
Development of a Core Outcome Set in Endodontics (COS-ENDO): Part 4 – COS-ENDO for Studies of Vital Pulp Therapy in Permanent Teeth
Zanjir, M., Cardoso, E., Harman, N., Khansari, A., Jafarzadeh, H., Malkhassian, G., Sabeti, M., Aminoshariae, A., Kishen, A., Sale, J. E. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2025.01.009 · Cited by 9
Core outcome measurement set for clinical trials in dengue: an international Delphi consensus study (DEN-CORE)
Yacoub, S., Demidova, A., Chan, X. H. S., Ajam, A., Baimukhambetova, D. V., Horn, A., Kakotkina, E., Kosenko, M. G., Mursalova, A., Nuil, J. I. V., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(25)00500-6 · Cited by 12
Development of a core outcome set for adolescents and young adults with cancer
Darlington, A., Way, K. M., Collaço, N., Cairns, C., Hanebaum, S., Janssen, S. H. M., Košir, U., McCabe, M. G., Stark, D., Sodergren, S. C., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(25)00533-9 · Cited by 11
Development of a core outcome set for school-based intervention studies on preventing childhood overweight and obesity: study protocol
de Vries, L. W., Harrington, D. M., Grooten, I. J., Hooft, J. V. ’., van Deutekom, A. W., Roseboom, T. J., Salmon, J., Chinapaw, M. J. M., & Altenburg, T. M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051726 · Cited by 9
Co-creation of the Global Patient Experience Data Navigator: a multi-stakeholder initiative to ensure the patient voice is represented in health decision-making
Willgoss, T., Escontrías, O. A., Scrafton, C., Oehrlein, E. M., Livingstone, V., Chaplin, F. C., Benivento, M., Chapman, H., & Brooke, N. J. (2023) · Research Involvement and Engagement · doi:10.1186/s40900-023-00503-9 · Cited by 9
“The final output of tables that form the basis of the current toolset builds upon previously published taxonomies using the expertise of the WG and SC members (almost half of which were patient representatives) to include additional categories [9, 17].”
Taxonomy Adaptive Cross-Domain Adaptation in Medical Imaging via Optimization Trajectory Distillation
Fan, J., Liu, D., Chang, H., Huang, H., Chen, M., & Cai, W. (2023) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv51070.2023.01936 · Cited by 9
“dog) are structured and globally unified, in the medical domain, inconsistency in taxonomy across different countries or institutes is a common issue compromising the feasibility of cross-domain adaptation [14].”
Selecting Review Outcomes for Systematic Reviews of Public Health Interventions
Wolfenden, L., Movsisyan, A., McCrabb, S., Stratil, J. M., & Yoong, S. L. (2021) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.306061 · Cited by 10
Development of a Core Outcome Set for the Benefits and Adverse Events of Acute Heart Failure in Clinical Trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine: A Study Protocol
Qiu, R., Han, S., Wei, X., Zhong, C., Li, M., Hu, J., Wang, P., Zhao, C., Chen, J., & Shang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.677068 · Cited by 9
The Assessments of Music Therapy for Dementia Based on the Cochrane Review
Abe, M., Tabei, K., & Satoh, M. (2022) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000521231 · Cited by 11
A scoping review of the outcome reporting following surgery for chronic osteomyelitis of the lower limb
Camilleri‐Brennan, J., James, S., McDaid, C., Adamson, J., Jones, K., O’Carroll, G., Akhter, Z., Eltayeb, M., & Sharma, H. (2023) · Bone & Joint Open · doi:10.1302/2633-1462.43.bjo-2022-0109.r1 · Cited by 9
Development of a core outcome set for evaluative research into paediatric cerebral visual impairment (CVI), in the UK and Eire
Pease, A. S., Goodenough, T., Borwick, C., Watanabe, R., Morris, C., & Williams, C. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051014 · Cited by 8
How to improve efficiency in cancer care: Dimensions, methods, and areas of evaluation
Ferrara, L., Otto, M. H., Aapro, M., Albreht, T., Jönsson, B., Oberst, S., Oliver, K. R., Pisani, E., Presti, P., Rubio, I. T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cancer Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jcpo.2022.100355 · Cited by 10
Development of a Core Outcome Set for the research and assessment of inoperable malignant bowel obstruction
Bravington, A., Obita, G., Baddeley, E., Johnson, M. J., Murtagh, F. E., Currow, D. C., Boland, E. G., Nelson, A., Seddon, K., Oliver, A., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0289501 · Cited by 9
“The COMET taxonomy [36] was considered a suitable fit for outcomes identified by Phases I and II.”
“Now I Am Walking Toward Health”: A Qualitative Study About the Outcomes of Physical Activity Participation That Matter to Older Adults
Young, P. J., Wallsworth, C., Gosal, H., & Mackey, D. C. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2023-0290 · Cited by 8
Unveiling the burden of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a narrative review to call for gender perspective and intersectional approaches
Islas-Preciado, D., Lira, L. R., & Estrada-Camarena, E. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1458114 · Cited by 16
Are the correct outcomes being measured in studies of oral anticoagulants? A systematic survey
Wang, M., Chen, Z., Wong, M., Thabane, L., Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., Siegal, D. M., Gal, G. L., & Holbrook, A. M. (2021) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2021.02.016 · Cited by 7
Minimum data and core outcomes for subacute rehabilitation: A scoping review
Lowe, J. R., Wallace, S. J., Sam, S., & Young, A. (2021) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155211060468 · Cited by 8
Position-based Prompting for Health Outcome Generation
Abaho, M., Bollegala, D., Williamson, P. R., & Dodd, S. R. (2022) · Workshop on Biomedical Language Processing (BioNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.bionlp-1.3 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Reported outcomes in patients with iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia undergoing major surgery: a systematic review of outcomes
Stangl, S., Popp, M., Reis, S., Sitter, M., Saal-Bauernschubert, L., Schießer, S., Kranke, P., Choorapoikayil, S., Weibel, S., & Meybohm, P. (2024) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-023-02431-x · Cited by 8
“Finally, extracted outcomes were classified and summarized according to the outcome taxonomy by Dodd et al. [18].”
Influential
Protocol for the development of a Core Outcome Set (COS) for Adolescents and Young Adults (AYAs) with cancer
Husson, O., Janssen, S. H. M., Reeve, B. B., Sodergren, S. C., Cheung, C. K., McCabe, M. G., Salsman, J. M., van der Graaf, W. T. A., & Darlington, A. (2024) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-023-11716-2 · Cited by 7
“A generic taxonomy has been developed for outcomes in medical research, containing 38 outcomes, which will be used as a framework for our project [36], including medical outcomes (e.g., cardiac, endocrine), life impact outcomes (e.g. social functioning, global quality of life) resource use (e.g.…”
Intraoperative pharmacologic opioid minimisation strategies and patient-centred outcomes after surgery: a scoping review
Verret, M., Lam, N. H., Lalu, M. M., Nicholls, S. G., Turgeon, A. F., McIsaac, D. I., Hamtiaux, M., Le, J. B. P., Gilron, I., Yang, L., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2024.01.006 · Cited by 9
“44,46,47 The integration of patient-centred outcomes in practice, research, and guidelines have also been emphasised by perioperative national and international expert consensus statements.”
Overarching Priorities for Health and Care Research in the United Kingdom: A Coproduced Synthesis of James Lind Alliance ‘Top 10s’
Crocker, J. C., Moore, L., Ogden, M., Crowe, S., Khan, M., Schoemaker, C., Roy, N. B. A., Taylor, M., Gronlund, T. A., Bueser, T. ‘., et al. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.14096 · Cited by 8
Inclusion of harm outcomes in core outcome sets requires careful consideration
Tay, J., Robinson, C., Blazeby, J. M., Loke, Y. K., Lowery, A., Alkhaffaf, B. H., & Kirkham, J. J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2024.111474 · Cited by 9
Characteristics and Outcomes of mHealth Interventions in Psychosis: Systematic Mapping Review
Loh, P. Y., Martinengo, L., Heaukulani, C., Tan, X., Hng, M., Cheah, Y. Y., Morris, R. J. T., Car, L. T., & Lee, J. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/55924 · Cited by 8
Development of a Core Outcome Set in Endodontics (COS-ENDO): Part 1 – General Methods for Developing COS-ENDO for Studies of Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment, Retreatment, Surgical Endodontics, Vital Pulp Therapy, Apexification, and Regenerative Endodontics in Permanent Teeth
Azarpazhooh, A., Zanjir, M., Cardoso, E., Harman, N., Khansari, A., Jafarzadeh, H., Malkhassian, G., Sabeti, M., Aminoshariae, A., Kishen, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2025.01.008 · Cited by 10
A systematic review identifying outcome measures used in evaluating adults sustaining cervical spine fractures
Copley, P. C., Tadross, D., Salloum, N. L., Woodfield, J., Edlmann, E., Poon, M. T. C., Khan, S., & Brennan, P. M. (2022) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-022-07369-7 · Cited by 8
“Each clinical outcome identified was classified into a core area, as per the COMET outcome taxonomy of core areas [14].”
The range and suitability of outcome measures used in the assessment of palliative treatment for inoperable malignant bowel obstruction: A systematic review
Bravington, A., Obita, G., Baddeley, E., Johnson, M. J., Murtagh, F. E., Currow, D. C., Boland, E. G., Nelson, A., Seddon, K., Oliver, A., et al. (2022) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163221122352 · Cited by 8
“Life impact is a core area in the COMET taxonomy, 21 and includes domains related to physical, psychological, social, emotional and cognitive functioning, global health related quality of life and personal circum-stances.”
The “Understanding Pyoderma Gangrenosum, Review and Assessment of Disease Effects (UPGRADE)” Project: a protocol for the development of the core outcome domain set for trials in pyoderma gangrenosum
Rick, J. W., Gould, L. J., Marzano, A. V., Garg, A., Chen, D. A., Oakes, D. L., Dissemond, J., Herfarth, H. H., Friedman, M., Alavi, A., et al. (2022) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-022-02424-1 · Cited by 10
Completeness and Mismatch of Patient-Important Outcomes After Trauma
James, A., Ravaud, P., Riveros, C., Raux, M., & Tran, V.-T. (2022) · Annals of Surgery Open · doi:10.1097/as9.0000000000000211 · Cited by 10
Development of a core outcome set for open lower limb fracture
Aquilina, A. L., Claireaux, H. A., Aquilina, C. O., Tutton, E., Fitzpatrick, R. M., Costa, M. L., & Griffin, X. L. (2023) · Bone and Joint Research · doi:10.1302/2046-3758.124.bjr-2022-0164.r2 · Cited by 8
“trauma psychologist) 1 (1) 1 (2) 1 (7) Trauma and orthopaedic surgeon 55 (50) 35 (45) 3 (21) Other 3 (3) 0 2 (16) Researchers§ 11 (5) 8 (6) 11 (27) Postdoctoral researcher 3 (11) 1 (14) 2 (18) Professor or associate professor 4 (14) 0 5 (46) Research nurse/associate 6 (21) 3 (43) 2 (18) Student (MSc or PhD) 8 (29) 0 1…”
Non-invasive ventilation for the management of children with bronchiolitis (NOVEMBR): a feasibility study and core outcome set development protocol
van Miert, C., Fernandes, R. M., Eccleson, H., Bedson, E., Lane, S., Peak, M., Thorburn, K., Compton, V., Woolfall, K., Lacy, D., et al. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2969-9 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Outcomes and measurement instruments used in congenital melanocytic naevi research: A systematic review
Fledderus, A. C., Franke, C. J. J., Eggen, C. A. M., van Etten‐Jamaludin, F. S., van der Horst, C. M. A. M., Brinkmann, S. J. H., & Spuls, P. I. (2019) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2019.11.023 · Cited by 8
A scoping review to identify process and outcome measures used in acceptance and commitment therapy research, with adults with acquired neurological conditions.
Foote, H., Bowen, A., Cotterill, S., Hill, G., Pieri, M., & Patchwood, E. (2023) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155221144554 · Cited by 7
A core outcome set for research on masculinizing genital gender-affirming surgery: international consensus results from the GenderCOS project
Roijer, P. J., Vallinga, M. S., Pidgeon, T. E., Angelini, M., Ceulemans, A., Bakker, A., Carrière, B., Rashid, T. G., Bellringer, J., Belinky, J., et al. (2025) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103325 · Cited by 7
“13 The survey responses were descriptively analyzed, and reasonings for outcome ratings were grouped according to similarities and themes, such as impact on life, expectation versus result, treatability, and occurrence rate.”
Social Prescribing Outcomes for Trials (SPOT): Protocol for a modified Delphi study on core outcomes
Esfandiari, E., Chudyk, A. M., Grover, S., Lau, E. Y., Hoppmann, C. A., Mortenson, W. B., Mulligan, K., Newton, C., Pauly, T., Pitman, B., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285182 · Cited by 9
“For each outcome identified, we will categorized them into one of the six categories defined according to the taxonomy developed for outcomes in medical research [58]: (1) mortality/ survival; (2) physiological/clinical; (3) functioning; (4) delivery of care; (5) resource use; and (6) adverse events/effects [58].”
A core outcome set for patient‐reported dysphagia for use in head and neck cancer clinical trials: An international multistakeholder Delphi study
Manduchi, B., Fitch, M. I., Ringash, J. G., Howell, D., & Martino, R. (2024) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.27626 · Cited by 8
“27 Our framework aligns with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) taxonomy for outcome classification, 28 as illustrated in Appendix S1.”
Outcome Heterogeneity in Prehabilitation Trials—Are We Comparing Apples and Oranges?
Jiang, W., Brown, K. G. M., Koh, C., Karunaratne, S., Solomon, M. J., Beckenkamp, P. R., Cole, R., & Steffens, D. (2024) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2023.12.042 · Cited by 8
Development of a Core Outcome Set for Dysphagia Interventions in Parkinson’s disease (COS-DIP): study protocol
Hirschwald, J., Duncan, S., Warnecke, T., Boyle, G., Regan, J., & Walshe, M. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076350 · Cited by 9
“Stage 1: scoping review In a scoping review, we identified all swallowing outcomes, their definitions, OMIs and time points of measurement applied in clinical trials in OD in PD. 8 The outcomes were mapped to the taxonomy by Dodd et al 15 and merged into a long list of outcomes version 1.”
A review and analysis of outcomes in randomized clinical trials of plasma transfusion in patients with bleeding or for the prevention of bleeding: The BEST collaborative study
Apelseth, T. O., Raza, S., Callum, J., Ipe, T. S., Blackwood, B., Akhtar, A., Hess, J. R., Marks, D. C., Brown, B., Delaney, M., et al. (2024) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.17835 · Cited by 7
“22 Individual outcomes were also further characterized by their outcome measure instruments including analysis metric, method of aggregation, and measurement time points.”
Outcomes and outcome measurement instruments in lower-limb lengthening surgery: a scoping review to inform core outcome set development
Yalçınkaya, A., Rahbek, O., Tirta, M., Jepsen, J. F., Rathleff, M. S., Iobst, C., & Kold, S. (2024) · Acta Orthopaedica · doi:10.2340/17453674.2024.42488 · Cited by 7
Outcomes reported in randomised clinical trials of major depressive disorder treatments in adolescents: a systematic scoping review protocol
Monsour, A., Mew, E. J., Szatmári, P., Patel, S. R., Saeed, L., Offringa, M., & Butcher, N. J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024191 · Cited by 7
A systematic review of outcome reporting in laser treatments for dermatological diseases
Fransen, F., Tio, D., Prinsen, C. A. C., Hædersdal, M., Hedelund, L., Laubach, H., Marini, L., Paasch, U., Passeron, T., & Wolkerstorfer, A. (2019) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.15928 · Cited by 7
Harms reported by patients in rheumatology drug trials: a systematic review of randomized trials in the cochrane library from an OMERACT working group
Berthelsen, D. B., WOODWORTH, T. G., Goel, N., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Tugwell, P., Devoe, D. J. A., Williamson, P. R., Terwee, C. B., Suarez-Almazor, M. E., Strand, V., et al. (2021) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.09.023 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Outcomes in intervention and management of multiple pregnancies trials: A systematic review
Farmer, N., Hillier, M., Kilby, M. D., Morton, V. H., & Morris, R. K. (2021) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.04.025 · Cited by 7
Synthesizing Core Outcome Sets for outcomes research in cohort studies: a systematic review
Musgrove, E., Gasparini, L., McBain, K., Clifford, S. A., Carter, S. A., Teede, H. J., & Wake, M. A. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01801-2 · Cited by 7
“Firstly, we identified an existing taxonomic framework for outcomes by Dodd et al.(20) to guide our synthesis process.”
Influential
Clinical law: what do clinicians want to know? The demography of clinical law
Wheeler, R. A., & Hall, N. J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2022-108131 · Cited by 7
Identification of outcomes to inform the development of a core outcome set for surgical innovation: a targeted review of case studies of novel surgical devices
Wilson, N. M., Macefield, R. C., Hoffmann, C., Edmondson, M. J., Miller, R. L., Kirkham, E. N., Blencowe, N., McNair, A., Main, B., Blazeby, J. M., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056003 · Cited by 7
The importance of establishing a core outcome set for endodontic clinical trials and outcomes studies
Karim, I. A. E., Duncan, H. F., Nagendrababu, V., & Clarke, M. J. (2022) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.13862 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Identifying common core outcome domains from core outcome sets of musculoskeletal conditions: protocol for a systematic review
Sabet, T. S., Anderson, D., Stubbs, P. W., Buchbinder, R., Terwee, C. B., Chiarotto, A., Gagnier, J. J., & Verhagen, A. P. (2022) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-022-02120-1 · Cited by 7
“Each domain will be mapped to the respective core area and outcome domain using the Williamson/Clarke (initial) taxonomy [30].”
Heterogeneity of surrogate outcome measures used in critical care studies: A systematic review
Verghis, R. M., Blackwood, B., McDowell, C., Toner, P. G., Hadfield, D., Gordon, A. C., Clarke, M. J., & McAuley, D. F. (2023) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/17407745231151842 · Cited by 8
“This classification is similar to those proposed in the work of Dodd et al., 78 except for adverse events, given the exclusion of outcomes related to adverse events from this review.”
Self-citation
A core domain set for pyoderma gangrenosum trial outcomes: an international eDelphi and consensus study from the UPGRADE initiative
Jacobson, M. E., Rick, J. W., Gerbens, L. A. A., Baghoomian, W., Gould, L. J., Marzano, A. V., Chen, D. M., Oakes, D. L., Dissemond, J., Yamamoto, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad420 · Cited by 8
Developing a core outcome set in interventions to prevent stillbirth: A systematic review on variations of outcome reporting
Kim, B. V., Aromataris, E., de Lint, W. B., Middleton, P., Townsent, R., Khalil, A. A., Duffy, J. M., Flenady, V., Thangaratinam, S., & Mol, B. W. (2020) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.12.036 · Cited by 7
Detect and Classify – Joint Span Detection and Classification for Health Outcomes
Abaho, M., Bollegala, D., Williamson, P. R., & Dodd, S. R. (2021) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.686 · Cited by 9
“Motivated by the taxonomy proposed by Dodd et al. (2018) to standardise outcome classiﬁcations in electronic databases and inspired the annotation of EBM-COMET dataset (Abaho et al., 2020), we attempt to align EBM-NLP’s arbitrary outcome classiﬁcations to standard outcome classiﬁcations that are…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Outcomes and measures of delirium interventional studies in palliative care to inform a core outcome set: A systematic review
Agar, M. R., Siddiqi, N., Hosie, A., Boland, J. W., Johnson, M. J., Featherstone, I., Lawlor, P. G., Bush, S. H., Page, V. J., Amgarth‐Duff, I., et al. (2021) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163211040186 · Cited by 7
Constructing a finer-grained representation of clinical trial results from ClinicalTrials.gov
Shi, X., & Du, J. (2024) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02869-7 · Cited by 6
“A study proposed categories of outcomes as Mortality/survival, Physiological/clinical, Life impact, Resource use, and adverse events 21 .”
Development of a Core Outcome Set in Endodontics (COS-ENDO): Part 3 – COS-ENDO for Studies of Surgical Endodontics in Permanent Teeth
Zanjir, M., Cardoso, E., Harman, N. L., Khansari, A., Jafarzadeh, H., Malkhassian, G., Sabeti, M., Aminoshariae, A., Kishen, A., Sale, J. E. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2025.01.011 · Cited by 6
Development of a core outcome set of clinical research on the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine for spinal metastases: a study protocol
Fang, G., Yu, W., Chen, D., Ding, X., Qiao, L., Zhang, L., Gao, X., Yan, Y., Huang, Q., Ma, J., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083315 · Cited by 6
“Domain classification will be performed according to the functional attributes of the outcomes, 43 while retaining unclassifiable outcomes; (3) conduct an assessment by a steering committee to consider the appropriateness of the categorisation of outcomes and to produce a preliminary list of…”
Economic Evaluations of Health Service Interventions Targeting Patients with Multimorbidities: A Scoping Literature Review
Ferrara, L., Ardito, V., Tozzi, V. D., & Tarricone, R. (2025) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.8623 · Cited by 7
Core Outcome Set and Reporting Checklist for Studies on Vasa Previa
Yeretsian, T., Javid, N., Hirschhorn-Edwards, N., Ashraf, R., Adams, A., Kingdom, J. C., & D'Souza, R. D. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.1000 · Cited by 6
Outcome measurement in pemphigus clinical research: a scoping review on heterogeneity in outcome reporting and definitions
Hiel, M. A. J., Korte, E. W. H., Tedbirt, B., Bolling, M. C., Meijer, J. M., Spuls, P. I., van der Werf, S., Yale, M., Horváth, B., & Joly, P. (2025) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1093/bjd/ljaf152 · Cited by 6
Core Outcome Set for Studies on Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy (COSCarP): An International Delphi Consensus Study
Ashraf, R., He, Y. Z., Silversides, C., Siu, S. C., Sermer, M., Keepanasseril, A., Seyoum, M., Malhamé, I., & D'Souza, R. D. (2025) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.124.011754 · Cited by 6
What matters most to people living with epilepsy? A rapid review of qualitative research relating to health outcomes
Mitchell, J., Doherty, J., Batchelor, R., Noble, A. J., & Marson, A. G. (2025) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.18570 · Cited by 9
“66,67 The framework of domains and outcomes is outlined in Table 2.”
Treatment effects of fibrinogen concentrates vs. cryoprecipitate for correcting hypofibrinogenemia in cardiac surgery patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chen, Y., Yang, W., Zhao, C., Wang, F., Ren, P., Liu, X., Cao, T., Ji, S., Chen, L., & Kang, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1671405 · Cited by 6
Developing Core Outcome Sets for Vascular Conditions Across Europe, Not as Easy as It Sounds
Machin, M., & Powell, J. T. (2022) · EJVES Vascular Forum · doi:10.1016/j.ejvsvf.2022.11.003 · Cited by 6
A Systematic Review of Reported Outcomes in Randomized Controlled Trials Targeting Early Interventions in Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Derouin, Y., Delhomme, T., Launey, Y., Bouras, M., Sautenet, B., Sebille, V., & Cinotti, R. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2023.0417 · Cited by 6
“29 Because these broad domains may not provide a high degree of granularity, the third layer of classi ﬁ cation proposes to organize outcomes as target domains.”
Influential
Insomnia and its treatments—trend analysis and publication profile of randomized clinical trials
Kakazu, V. A., Assis, M., Bacelar, A., Bezerra, A. G., Ciutti, G. L. R., Conway, S. G., Galduróz, J. C. F., Drager, L. F., Khoury, M. P., Leite, I. P. A., et al. (2024) · npj Biological Timing and Sleep · doi:10.1038/s44323-024-00014-0 · Cited by 6
“When considering outcomes not related to sleep according to the COMET classi ﬁ cation 25 , the most often reported were emotional functioning/well-being ( n = 50, 37.9%), physical functioning ( n = 18, 13.6%), cognitive functioning ( n = 16, 12.1”
Influential
Outcome Reporting in Studies Investigating Treatment for Caesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy: A Systematic Review
Nijjar, S., Sandhar, S., Timor‐Tritsch, I. E., Agten, A. K., Jin, L., Chong, K. Y., Oza, M., Acklom, R., D’Antonio, F., Vuong, L. N., et al. (2024) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17989 · Cited by 6
“Outcomes once extracted were classified into six pre-defined domains according to the taxonomy principles recommended by COMET [11]: treatment sequelae; complications and adverse effects; morbidity and mortality; future reproductive health; obstetric outcomes of expectantly managed CSEP and quality…”
Heterogeneity of outcomes for intraoperative music interventions: a scoping review and evidence map
Ambler, M., Springs, S., Garcia, D. R., & Born, C. T. (2020) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111382 · Cited by 7
“35 This taxonomy—which includes economic, clinical and humanistic outcomes—was developed in order to address inadequate outcome reporting and classification.”
Patient- and Health-Care-Provider-Reported Outcomes to Consider in Research on Pregnancy-Associated Venous Thromboembolism
King, A., Leider, H., Herman, D., Malinowski, A. K., & D'Souza, R. D. (2021) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1722855 · Cited by 6
Psychosocial Impact of 8 Weeks COVID-19 Quarantine on Italian Parents and their Children
Khoory, B. J., Keuning, M. W., Fledderus, A. C., Cicchelli, R., Fanos, V., Khoory, J., Nervi, D., Elyan, E., Vuttipittayamongkol, P., Oomen, M. W., et al. (2022) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-021-03311-3 · Cited by 6
Development of a Core Outcome Set in the Clinical Trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Stroke: A Study Protocol
Zhang, T., Li, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., Tian, J., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.753138 · Cited by 6
Evidence Gaps in Clinical Trials of Pharmacologic Treatment for H1-Antihistamine-Refractory Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Systematic Review and Future Perspectives
Nochaiwong, S., Chuamanochan, M., Ruengorn, C., & Thavorn, K. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15101246 · Cited by 6
“To better compare across-trial results, we recommend that standardized reporting in core outcome sets for people living with CSU (including efficacy, safety events, and patient-reported outcomes) be developed and applied to make trial evidence more useful [41].”
Outcome domains measured in randomized controlled trials of physical activity for older adults: a rapid review
Mackey, D. C., Ekegren, C. L., Baldwin, C. E., Young, P. J., Gray, S. M., Ciok, A., & Wong, A. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01431-3 · Cited by 6
“General outcomes referred to disorders and global measures and symptoms that affected the whole body and could not be attributed to a specific bodily system (see example outcomes in Table 3) [23].”
Influential
Development of CORE-CM core outcome domain sets for trials of Chinese medicine for lumbar spinal stenosis
Sun, Y., An, Y., Weng, Z., Zhou, Y.-J., Wang, X., & Yu, C. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075856 · Cited by 6
Using patient and care partner experiences to confirm outcomes of relevance for inclusion in a core outcome set for trials of physical rehabilitation in critical illness: A qualitative interview study
Connolly, B. A., Milton-Cole, R., Blackwood, B., & Pattison, N. A. (2024) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2024.05.005 · Cited by 6
Systematic Review of Outcome Reporting for Interventions to Treat Patients with Acute Lower Limb Ischaemia
Doelare, S. A. N., Oukrich, S., Yeung, K. K., Hinchliffe, R. J., Jongkind, V., Tran, B. L., Knaapen, M., Catarinella, F. S., & de Vries, R. (2024) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2024.07.042 · Cited by 7
Outcome Measurements Used in Randomized Controlled Trials of Teledermatology: A Systematic Mapping Review
Chow, A. L., Soon, C. S., Smith, H. E., & Apfelbacher, C. (2019) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-3312 · Cited by 7

Authors: Dodd, S., Clarke, M., Becker, L., Mavergames, C., Fish, R., & Williamson, P. R.
Affiliations: University of Liverpool (GB)
Queen's University Belfast (GB)
SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
Cochrane (GB)
University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author: Williamson, Paula R.
ORCID: Dodd, Susanna
Clarke, Mike
Mavergames, Chris
Fish, Rebecca
Williamson, Paula R.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-04
Volume: 96
Pages: 84-92
ISSN: 0895-4356 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.12.020
PMC: PMC5854263
OpenAlex: W2778471389
Cited by: 625
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 63 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 14
FWCI: 69.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0513-10025)
Medical Research Council (MR/K025635/1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: clinical trial results, core outcome set, outcome standardization, knowledge discovery, clinical trial registries, adverse events, quality of life outcomes
MeSH terms: Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Quality of Life, Registries, Research Design, Databases, Factual, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Data Curation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A taxonomy has been developed for outcomes in medical research to help improve knowledge discovery

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks