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Medication reconciliation: a practical tool to reduce the risk of medication errors
Abstract
Preventable adverse drug events are associated with one out of five injuries or deaths. Estimates reveal that 46% of medication errors occur on admission or discharge from a clinical unit/hospital when patient orders are written. This study was performed to reduce medication errors in patient's discharge orders through a reconciliation process in an adult surgical intensive care unit (ICU). A discharge survey was implemented as part of the medication reconciliation process. The admitting nurse initiated the survey within 24 hours of ICU admission and the charge nurse completed the survey on discharge. Baseline data were obtained through a random sampling of 10% of discharges in first 2 weeks of the study (July 2001-May 2002). Medical and anesthesia records were reviewed, allergies and home medications verified with patient/family and findings compared with orders at time of ICU discharge. Baseline data revealed that 31 of 33 (94%) patients had orders changed. By week 24, nearly all medication errors in discharge orders were eliminated. In conclusion, use of the discharge survey in this medication reconciliation process resulted in a dramatic drop in medications errors for patients discharged from an ICU. The survey is now a part of our electronic medical record and used in 4 adult ICUs and 2 medicine floors.
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“In 2017, a single center before and after study reported shorter duration of vasopressor therapy and lower mortality following the administration of combination of high dose vitamin C, hydrocortisone, and thiamine to patients with sepsis and septic shock (521).”
From Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021. (2021) · cites this paper as [521]
In the citing paper
“Medication reconciliation has been associated with fewer medication errors [598, 612] and may help reduce hospital readmission [613, 614].”
From Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [612]
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Bell, C., Rahimi-Darabad, P., & Orner, A. (2006) · Journal of general internal medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02743141 · Cited by 67
Ammenwerth, E., Duftschmid, G., Gall, W., Hackl, W. O., Hoerbst, A., Janzek‐Hawlat, S., Jeske, M., Jung, M., Woertz, K., & Dorda, W. (2014) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.06.004 · Cited by 49
“Several studies reported decreases in medication error rates after successfully implementing medication reconciliation programmes [9–11].”
BackgroundLesselroth, B., Felder, R. S., Adams, S. M., Cauthers, P., Dorr, D. A., Wong, G. J., & Douglas, D. (2009) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1197/jamia.m2642 · Cited by 48
“Many errors are the result of discrepancies between prescriptions written at different times by the same or different providers for the same patient. Although initial studies suggest that processes directed at medication reconciliation may reduce discrepancies by up to 75%,”
BackgroundWright, J., Lawton, R., O'Hara, J. K., Armitage, G., Sheard, L., Marsh, C., Grange, A., McEachan, R., Cocks, K., Hrisos, S., et al. (2016) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar04150 · Cited by 48
Etchells, E. E., Matlow, A., Coffey, M., Cornish, P. L., & Koonthanam, T. (2009) · Healthcare Quarterly · doi:10.12927/hcq.2009.20719 · Cited by 48
“Because Med Rec has dramatically reduced discrepancy rates in various settings (Pronovost et al. 2003; Rozich et al. 2004; Whittington and Cohen 2004), it has been endorsed by leading international patient safety organizations (Institute for Healthcare Improvement 2005; Institute for Safe Medication Practices 2005).”
Rodriguez-Paz, J. M., Mark, L. J., Herzer, K. R., Michelson, J. D., Grogan, K. L., Herman, J. M., Hunt, D. G., Wardlow, L., Armour, E. P., & Pronovost, P. J. (2008) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31818ca423 · Cited by 46
Self-citationLeading Clinical Handover Improvement
Clarke, C. M., & Persaud, D. D. (2011) · Journal of Patient Safety · doi:10.1097/pts.0b013e31820c98a8 · Cited by 46
Assuring Medication Accuracy at Transitions in Care
Abdellatif, A., Bagian, J. P., Barajas, E. R., Cohen, M. R., Cousins, D. D., Denham, C. R., Essinger, K., Gegelashvili, G., Glenister, H., Hoffman, C., et al. (2007) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/s1553-7250(07)33131-0 · Cited by 46
Effect of Education on the Recording of Medicines on Admission to Hospital
Chan, A. H. Y., Garratt, E., Lawrence, B. J., Turnbull, N., Pratapsingh, P., & Black, P. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1317-x · Cited by 45
van Sluisveld, N., Bakhshi‐Raiez, F., de Keizer, N. F., Holman, R., Wester, G., Wollersheim, H. C. H., van der Hoeven, J. G., & Zegers, M. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2234-z · Cited by 45
“They were the use of: (1) ICU discharge criteria [29, 30]; (2) a bed manager [31, 32]; (3) early discharge planning [33] (4) step-down facilities [28, 30]; (5) medication reconciliation [32, 34]; (6) verbal and written handover [28, 30, 32]; (7) monitoring of post-ICU patients [36]; and (8) consulting ICU nurses [35].”
MethodReducing medication errors in critical care: a multimodal approach
Latif, A., Kruer, R. M., & Jarrell, A. S. (2014) · Clinical Pharmacology Advances and Applications · doi:10.2147/cpaa.s48530 · Cited by 53
“18 21 Medication safety in ICUs might also be compromised because of the risks associated with the use of multiple medications per patient and the use of high-risk drugs associated with potentially severe adverse events.”
Garedow, A. W., Bobasa, E. M., Wolide, A. D., Dibaba, F. K., Fufa, F. G., Tufa, B. E., Debalke, S., & Kumela, K. (2019) · International Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1155/2019/1504371 · Cited by 44
“CKD is defined as abnormalities of the kidney structure or function, present for 3months, with implications for health [30].”
BackgroundPaying the Piper: Investing in Infrastructure for Patient Safety
Pronovost, P. J., Rosenstein, B. J., Paine, L. A., Miller, M. R., Haller, K., Davis, R., Demski, R. J., & Garrett, M. R. (2008) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/s1553-7250(08)34043-4 · Cited by 43
Self-citationHerzig, S. J., Stefan, M. S., Pekow, P. S., Shieh, M., Soares, W. E., Raghunathan, K., & Lindenauer, P. K. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05490-w · Cited by 41
Greenwald, J. L., Halasyamani, L. K., Greene, J., LaCivita, C. L., Stucky, E. R., Benjamin, B. E., Reid, W., Griffin, F. A., Vaida, A. J., & Williams, M. V. (2010) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/s1553-7250(10)36074-0 · Cited by 40
Park, P., McGirt, M. J., Bekelis, K., Holland, C. M., Davies, J. M., Devin, C. J., Atkins, T. G., Knightly, J. J., Groman, R. F., Zyung, I., et al. (2015) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/2015.9.focus15355 · Cited by 41
Ferries, E. A., Dye, J. T., Hall, B., Ndehi, L., Schwab, P., & Vaccaro, J. (2019) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.6.688 · Cited by 40
An end-to-end hybrid algorithm for automated medication discrepancy detection
Li, Q., Spooner, S. A., Kaiser, M., Lingren, N., Robbins, J., Lingren, T., Tang, H., Solti, I., & Ni, Y. (2015) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-015-0160-8 · Cited by 40
“Initial efforts have been made to improve the efficacy of the medication reconciliation process, but most of them rely on manual vigilance and, subsequently, are prone to clinician fatigue and human errors [9,11,13,14].”
BackgroundImplementing Patient Safety Interventions in Your Hospital: What to Try and What to Avoid
Ranji, S. R., & Shojania, K. G. (2008) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.10.007 · Cited by 40
“This process of ‘‘medication reconciliation’’ [ 52 ] is undoubtedly important because, as multiple studies demonstrate, medications are changed without a clear indication at admission [53], at transitions during hospitalization (ie, when a patient is discharged from the ICU [54,55]), and at discharge [56].”
BackgroundMedication reconciliation in a community pharmacy setting
Johnson, C. M., Marcy, T. R., Harrison, D. L., Young, R. E., Stevens, E. L., & Shadid, J. (2010) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1331/japha.2010.09121 · Cited by 39
Mabasa, V. H., Malyuk, D. L., Weatherby, E.-M., & Chan, A. (2011) · The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · doi:10.4212/cjhp.v64i5.1073 · Cited by 38
“Ideally, medication reconciliation is performed upon admission to any patient care unit, with each transfer of care (either level or location), and before discharge.(13) The pharmacist plays an integral role in this process, which should be performed routinely.”
BackgroundLee, K. P., Hartridge, C., Corbett, K. K., Vittinghoff, E., & Auerbach, A. D. (2014) · Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.1002/jhm.2289 · Cited by 37
Waitman, L. R., Brown, S. H., & Porcelli, P. J. (2010) · Applied Clinical Informatics · doi:10.4338/aci-2010-02-r-0010 · Cited by 35
“Can they clearly see who collected the information? Should they raise the issue with quality assurance personnel, unit managers, or the individual who collected the PAML? If electronic tools merely shorten the time to enter poorly validated information, it satisfies the regulatory requirement but jeopardizes its objec…”
BackgroundNovel user interface design for medication reconciliation: an evaluation of Twinlist
Catherine Plaisant, B., Wu, J., Hettinger, A. Z., Powsner, S. M., & Shneiderman, B. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocu021 · Cited by 36
“5 million harmful errors are reported,(13) with most PADEs (75%) occurring during discharge.(20)”
BackgroundBoockvar, K. S., Ho, W., Pruskowski, J. A., Palo, K. E. D., Wong, J. J., Patel, J., Nebeker, J. R., Kaushal, R., & Hung, W. W. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx044 · Cited by 36
Metadata
- Authors
- Pronovost, P., Weast, B., Schwarz, M., Wyskiel, R. M., Prow, D., Milanovich, S. N., Berenholtz, S., Dorman, T., & Lipsett, P.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pronovost, Peter
- Venue
- Journal of Critical Care
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 201-205
- ISSN
- 0883-9441 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2137815358
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 17.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Critical Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
- Keywords
- medication reconciliation, medication errors, adverse drug reactions, intensive care unit discharge, surgical intensive care unit, electronic health records, medication orders, patient safety
- MeSH terms
- Continuity of Patient Care, Hospitals, University, Humans, Intensive Care Units, Medication Errors, Medication Systems, Hospital, Patient Care Team, Patient Transfer, Quality Assurance, Health Care
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