The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak in its historical context.
Abstract
Of the 16 known serotypes of influenza A haemagglutinin, 6 have been isolated from humans at the molecular level (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9). 3 of these have been involved in past pandemics (H1, H2, H3). Traditional pandemic surveillance has focussed on monitoring antigenic shift, meaning the re-assortment of novel haemagglutinins into seasonal human influenza A viruses during rare events of double infection with seasonal and zoonotic strains. H5, from avian H5N1 influenza, has been the major cause for concern in recent years. However, the 2009 H1N1 zoonotic event demonstrates that even serotypes already encountered in past human pandemics may constitute new pandemic threats. The protein sequence divergence of the 2009 zoonotic H1 from human seasonal influenza H1 is around 20-24%. A similar level of divergence is found between the 2009 H1 and European swine flu. By contrast, its divergence from North American swine flu strains is around 1-9%. Given that the divergence between H1 and its nearest serotype neighbour H2 is around 40-46%, the 2009 H1 may be broadly considered as halfway towards a new serotype. The current situation is one of antigenic pseudo-shift.
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“Although global death toll estimates vary [between 1.5 million (Gatherer, 2009) and 2–4 million (Michaelis et al., 2009)]”
From Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics (2017) · cites this paper as Gatherer, 2009
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Cites
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Critical Care Services and 2009 H1N1 Influenza in Australia and New Zealand
The ANZIC Influenza Investigators (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0908481 · Cited by 1,002
COVID-19: A Global Challenge with Old History, Epidemiology and Progress So Far
Khan, M., Adil, S. F., Alkhathlan, H. Z., Tahir, M. N., Saif, S., Khan, M., & Khan, S. T. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26010039 · Cited by 665
“This outbreak was also declared as a pandemic in June 2009, which quickly spread across 30 countries in a few weeks [61].”
BackgroundSecondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics
Morris, D. E., Cleary, D. W., & Clarke, S. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01041 · Cited by 576
“Asian influenza pandemic 1957– 1958 A(H2N2) Although global death toll estimates vary [between 1.5 million (Gatherer, 2009) and 2–4 million (Michaelis et al., 2009)], the death toll in the United States is accurately reported to have been 69, 800 (Klimov et al., 1999; Hilleman, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialZoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview
Mostafa, A., Abdelwhab, E. M., Mettenleiter, T. C., & Pleschka, S. (2018) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v10090497 · Cited by 314
Bacterial co‐infections with SARS‐CoV ‐2
Mirzaei, R., Goodarzi, P., Asadi, M., Soltani, A., Aljanabi, H. A. A., Jeda, A. S., Dashtbin, S., Jalalifar, S., Mohammadzadeh, R., Teimoori, A., et al. (2020) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.2356 · Cited by 306
Metadata
- Authors
- Gatherer, D.
- Affiliations
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gatherer, Derek
- ORCID
- Gatherer, Derek
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Virology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 174-178
- ISSN
- 1386-6532 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2046803831
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 20.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Keywords
- 2009 H1N1 influenza, pandemic influenza, zoonotic influenza, antigenic shift, antigenic drift, hemagglutinin, swine influenza, H5N1, pandemic surveillance, protein divergence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Influenza, Human, Swine, Reassortant Viruses, Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
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