A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: The issues, strategies, and testing standards
Open accessAbstract
Efficient and reliable energy storage systems are crucial for our modern society. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with excellent performance are widely used in portable electronics and electric vehicles (EVs), but frequent fires and explosions limit their further and more widespread applications. This review summarizes aspects of LIB safety and discusses the related issues, strategies, and testing standards. Specifically, it begins with a brief introduction to LIB working principles and cell structures, and then provides an overview of the notorious thermal runaway, with an emphasis on the effects of mechanical, electrical, and thermal abuse. The following sections examine strategies for improving cell safety, including approaches through cell chemistry, cooling, and balancing, afterwards describing current safety standards and corresponding tests. The review concludes with insights into potential future developments and the prospects for safer LIBs.
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Despite biocompatible encapsulating materials, the risk of battery leakage remains a critical concern, potentially releasing lithium salts or other electrolytes into the neural environment.
“Despite the prevalent use of biocompatible encapsulating materials such as polyimide or parylene for brain implants, the risk of battery leakage remains a critical concern. Such leakage could potentially release substances like lithium salts or other electrolytes into the neural environment, emphasizing the necessity for fault-tolerant designs and monitoring (Lu et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2021).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2021
The EUCAR hazard table in Section 6 (page not provided) recognizes battery leakage and defines electrolyte as solvent plus salt, supporting the general concern that a leaking battery could release electrolyte. The paper does not address brain implants, polyimide or parylene encapsulation, or release into the neural environment; it therefore does not establish the claim in that setting. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Chen, Y., Kang, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, L., Liu, J., Li, Y., Liang, Z., He, X., Li, X., Tavajohi, N., & Li, B.
- Affiliations
- Hunan University (CN)
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (CN)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- Stanford University (US)
- SAIC Motor (China) (CN)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Yun
- Liu, Jilei
- Liang, Zheng
- Li, Baohua
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Energy Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-08
- Volume
- 59
- Pages
- 83-99
- ISSN
- 2095-4956 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3127891378
- Cited by
- 2,178
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 356 · 2025: 603 · 2024: 524 · 2023: 406 · 2022: 230 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 64.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Energy Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2014CB932400)
- Shenzhen Technical Project (JCYJ20150529164918735, KQJSCX20160226191136, CYJ20170412170911187)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51232005, U1401243)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, battery safety, thermal runaway, mechanical abuse, temperature abuse, battery cooling, battery balancing, electric vehicles, energy storage
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