Developmental changes during childhood in single-letter acuity and its crowding by surrounding contours
Abstract
Crowding refers to impaired target recognition caused by surrounding contours. We investigated the development of crowding in central vision by comparing single-letter and crowding thresholds in groups of 5-year-olds, 8-year-olds, 11-year-olds, and adults. The task was to discriminate the orientation of a Sloan letter E. Single-letter thresholds, defined as the stroke width forming the smallest discriminable E, were worse than those of adults (0.83 arcmin) at 5 years of age (1.05 arcmin) but not at older ages (8-year-olds: 0.81 arcmin; 11-year-olds: 0.78 arcmin). The maximum distances over which crowding occurred, as measured in multiples of threshold stroke width, were smaller in adults (2.83) than in the three groups of children, who did not differ from each other (5-year-olds: 7.03; 8-year-olds: 7.84; 11-year-olds: 7.13). Thus, even 11-year-olds are more affected than adults by surrounding contours despite having single-letter acuity that has been mature for several years. The stronger influence of crowding in children may be caused by immaturities in the brain areas beyond the primary visual cortex (V1) where early visual inputs are combined and may contribute to their slower reading speed.
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Data analysis used Paired Sample T-Test with bootstrap (k=5000, 95% BCa) because the normal distribution assumption is rarely met and to improve small sample analysis.
“The data analysis will use Paired Sample T-Test with bootstrap technique to compare the measures at pre-test and post-test. The bootstrapped statistical significance is used, instead of the usual normal curve statistical significance. The use of bootstrap has been recommended for experimental clinical psychology research, as the normal distribution assumption is rarely met[44]. Furthermore, boot”
From Preliminary Study on the Effectiveness of Short Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT) on Indonesian Older Adults (2013) · cites this paper as [45]
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- Authors
- Jeon, S. T., Hamid, J., Maurer, D., & Lewis, T. L.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lewis, Terri L.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 423-437
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2153796794
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- McDonnell Foundation
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Keywords
- visual crowding, central vision, stroke width, crowding distance, reading speed, visual cortex maturation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Task Performance and Analysis, Visual Acuity, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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