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Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) for alpha-based statistical analyses of multi-muscle EMG time-series
Open accessAbstract
Multi-muscle EMG time-series are highly correlated and time dependent yet traditional statistical analysis of scalars from an EMG time-series fails to account for such dependencies. This paper promotes the use of SPM vector-field analysis for the generalised analysis of EMG time-series. We reanalysed a publicly available dataset of Young versus Adult EMG gait data to contrast scalar and SPM vector-field analysis. Independent scalar analyses of EMG data between 35% and 45% stance phase showed no statistical differences between the Young and Adult groups. SPM vector-field analysis did however identify statistical differences within this time period. As scalar analysis failed to consider the multi-muscle and time dependence of the EMG time-series it exhibited Type II error. SPM vector-field analysis on the other hand accounts for both dependencies whilst tightly controlling for Type I and Type II error making it highly applicable to EMG data analysis. Additionally SPM vector-field analysis is generalizable to linear and non-linear parametric and non-parametric statistical models, allowing its use under constraints that are common to electromyography and kinesiology.
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SPM has been widely validated and applied in biomechanical research, demonstrating its efficacy in detecting continuous gait differences.
“SPM has been widely validated and applied in biomechanical research, demonstrating its efficacy in detecting continuous gait differences [32,33].”
From Sagittal Plane Kinematic Deviations and Spatio-Temporal Gait Characteristics in Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking: A Comparative Analysis Using Statistical Parametric Mapping (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
The Abstract and §4.1 report that SPM detected differences in continuous gait EMG time-series between young and adult groups that scalar analyses missed. However, §4.3 describes SPM’s broader use in biomechanical analysis as a potential application; this paper does not establish that it has been widely validated and applied in biomechanical research. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Pataky, T. C., Vanrenterghem, J., & Robinson, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.051 · Cited by 385
Self-citationPataky, T. C., Vanrenterghem, J., & Robinson, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.03.032 · Cited by 187
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“SPM has been widely validated and applied in biomechanical research, demonstrating its efficacy in detecting continuous gait differences [32,33].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Robinson, M. A., Vanrenterghem, J., & Pataky, T. C.
- Affiliations
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- Shinshu University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Robinson, Mark A.
- Venue
- Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-19
- ISSN
- 1050-6411 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1971680149
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 3.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Keywords
- statistical parametric mapping, vector field analysis, type II error, stance phase
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Algorithms, Child, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Electromyography, Gait, Humans, Middle Aged, Muscle Contraction, Muscle, Skeletal
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