The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of Mexican medicinal plant used to treat trichomoniasis on Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites
Abstract
Crude methanolic extracts from 22 Mexican medicinal plants were screened for antitrichomonal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis, which is the etiological agent of trichomoniasis. Among the plants tested Carica papaya and Cocos nucifera showed the best antitrichomonal activity with IC(50) values of 5.6 and 5.8 microg/ml, respectively. The extracts of Bocconia frutescens, Geranium mexicanum, and Lygodium venustum showed moderate activity with IC(50) values ranging from 30.9 to 60.9 microg/ml. All the other plant extracts were inactive (IC(50)>100 microg/ml). All extracts tested were less active than metronidazole (IC(50) 0.037 microg/ml), an antiprotozoal drug used as positive control. The results of the antiprotozoal screening support the popular uses of five of the plants tested for the treatment of some urogenital tract disorders in Mexican traditional medicine. However, seeds of Carica papaya and aerial parts of Bocconia frutescens should be used in herbal medicine with care to avoid toxicity.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In Mexico, coconut is used to treat various disorders associated with urogenital tract infection by Trichomonas vaginalis (24).”
From Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“The crude methanol extract of C. nucifera husk fiber demonstrated excellent antitrichomonal activity (IC50 value of 5.8 μg/mL), standing out among the other tested plants, although the activity was less than that of metronidazole.”
From Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“The experiments were performed in duplicate and repeated at least three times.”
From Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review (2015) · cites this paper as [24]
Citations
Cites
Gardner, T. B., & Hill, D. R. (2001) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.14.1.114-128.2001 · Cited by 589
Drug Targets and Mechanisms of Resistance in the Anaerobic Protozoa
Upcroft, P., & Upcroft, J. (2001) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.14.1.150-164.2001 · Cited by 566
Antiamoebic and phytochemical screening of some Congolese medicinal plants
Tona, L., Kambu, K., Ngimbi, N. P., Cimanga, K., & Vlietinck, A. J. (1998) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00015-4 · Cited by 468
Schwebke, J. R., & Burgess, D. E. (2004) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.17.4.794-803.2004 · Cited by 416
Antiparasitic properties of medicinal plants and other naturally occurring products
Tagboto, S. K., & Townson, S. (2001) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(01)50032-9 · Cited by 309
Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management
Swygard, H. (2004) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2003.005124 · Cited by 240
Calzada, F., Yépez‐Mulia, L., & Aguilar, A. (2006) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.025 · Cited by 147
Self-citationBhat, G. P., & Surolia, N. (2001) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.304 · Cited by 130
Upcroft, J., Dunn, L. A., Wright, J. M., Benakli, K., Upcroft, P., & Vanelle, P. (2005) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.50.1.344-347.2006 · Cited by 129
Harris, J. C., Plummer, S. F., Turner, M., & Lloyd, D. (2000) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-146-12-3119 · Cited by 118
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–120 of 120
Parasite Control Strategies: Phytotherapy
Maqbool, M., Altaf, S., Qamar, M. F., Hassan, M. A., & Younis, S. (2023) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800621893.0010 · Cited by 1
Silva, M. S. D. S., dos Santos, M. L. M. F., França, W. W. M., da Rocha, J. V. R., Diniz, E. G. M., de Souza, M. A. A., do Nascimento, W. R. C., Albuquerque, M. C. P. D. A., Filho, I. J. D. C., de Araújo, H. D. A., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) · doi:10.15640/ijhs.v13p2 · Cited by 1
Baharvandi, Z., & Sadraei, J. (2016) · Infection Epidemiology and Medicine · doi:10.18869/modares.iem.2.3.24 · Cited by 1
Pawpaw Peels as a Source of Nutraceuticals
Estella, O. U., Onyegbulam, C. M., Egbuna, C., mba, T., & Onyekere, P. F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98760-2_10 · Cited by 1
Sarifudin, S., & Nasmia, N. (2023) · Arwana Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Perairan · doi:10.51179/jipsbp.v5i1.1862 · Cited by 1
Temístocles, C., Costa, C. T. C., Maria, C. N., Bevilaqua, L., Célia, D., Nunes-Pinheiro, S., Lourdes, A., & Camurça-Vasconcelos, F. (2011)
Flaviana, M., Morais-Braga, B., Souza, T. M., Andrade, J. C., Tintino, S. R., da Costa, J. G. M., Costa, M. D. S., António, A. L., Saraiva, F., & Coutinho, H. D. M. (2013) · Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas
Assesment of the effect of herbal medicine on cultured Trichomonas Vaginalis
Selim, M. A., Fawzy, E., Abdelhady, R. H., Badr, M., & Hamed, E. F. A. (2019) · Zagazig University Medical Journal · doi:10.21608/zumj.2019.16730.1503
Policepatel, S. S., Pindi, P., & Manikrao, V. G. (2020) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780429328541-16
Ahmed, Z. A.-R. (2012) · Iraqi Journal of Science
Vandebroek, I., & Picking, D. (2020) · Advances in economic botany · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48927-4_11
Norouzi, R., Sadati, J. A., Yaghoobian, R., Mirzaei, F., Fateh, R., & Siyadatpanah, A. (2021) · Qom Univ Med Sci J · doi:10.52547/qums.14.12.14
Palm trees and fruits residues’ usage for human health
Apuzzo, C. F., & Jones, M. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823934-6.00003-4
Assessment of the Impact of Numerous Medicinal Plants on Trichomonas Vaginalis: A Review
Gaikwad, S. (2024) · INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT · doi:10.55041/ijsrem36181
Strategies for the treatment and management of trichomoniasis
Jain, R. K., Perumal, N., & Rangnekar, A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22204-7.00013-7
Marcos-Herraiz, S., Irisarri-Gutiérrez, M. J., Carrión, J., Azami-Conesa, I., Lombao, R. S., Navarro‐Rocha, J., del Moral, J. F. Q., Barrero, A. F., Larrigan, E. O., Coloma, A. G., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680318
Marcos-Herraiz, S., Irisarri-Gutiérrez, M. J., Carrión, J., Azami-Conesa, I., Lombao, R. S., Navarro‐Rocha, J., del Moral, J. F. Q., Barrero, A. F., Larrigan, E. O., González-Coloma, A. A., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27021125
Phytochemical and biological research of Chelidonieae pharmaceutical resources
Hao, D.-C., & Xiao, P. G. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-41783-2.00015-4
Silva, M. S. D. S., dos Santos, M. L. M. F., França, W. W. M., da Rocha, J. V. R., Diniz, E. G. M., de Souza, M. A. A., do Nascimento, W. R. C., Albuquerque, M. C. P. D. A., Filho, I. J. D. C., de Araújo, H. D. A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) · doi:10.15640/ijhs.v11n2a15
Ribeiro, B. B., de Menezes, S. A., & Tasca, T. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.6c08481
Metadata
- Authors
- Calzada, F., Yépez-Mulia, L., & Tapia-Contreras, A.
- Affiliations
- Mexican Social Security Institute (MX)
- Corresponding author
- Calzada, Fernando
- ORCID
- Calzada, Fernando
- Venue
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 248-251
- ISSN
- 0378-8741 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1967091783
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Keywords
- Trichomonas vaginalis, trichomoniasis, antitrichomonal activity, medicinal plants, plant extracts, Carica papaya, Cocos nucifera, Bocconia frutescens, Lygodium venustum, metronidazole, traditional medicine, genitourinary diseases, toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Methanol, Animals, Antiprotozoal Agents, Antitrichomonal Agents, Cocos, Metronidazole, Mexico, Plant Extracts, Plants, Medicinal, Seeds, Trichomonas vaginalis, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Papaveraceae, Carica, Geranium, Plant Components, Aerial, Rats, Trophozoites
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
