Protective effect of coconut water concentrate and its active component shikimic acid against hydroperoxide mediated oxidative stress through suppression of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2 pathway
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Conventionally coconut water has been used as an 'excellent hydrating' drink that maintain the electrolyte balance and help in treating diverse ailments related to oxidative stress including liver function. The present study was aimed to elucidate whether and how the coconut water concentrate (CWC) and its major active phytoconstituent shikimic acid (SA) can effectively protect murine hepatocytes from the deleterious effect of hydroperoxide-mediated oxidative stress. Materials and methods Bioactivity guided fractionation of CWC resulted in the isolation of a couple of known compounds. Freshly isolated murine hepatocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (1 and 3mM) in the presence or absence of CWC (200 and 400 μg/ml) and SA (40 μM) for the determination of antioxidative, DNA protective, cellular ROS level by modern methods, including immunoblot and flowcytometry to find out the possible mechanism of action. Results Pre-treatment of hepatocyte with CWC and SA showed significant prevention of H2O2-induced intracellular ROS generation, nuclear DNA damage along with the formation of hepatic TBARS and cellular nitrite. Further, the H2O2 induced cell death was arrested in the presence of CWC through the inhibition of CDC42 mediated SAPK/JNK pathways and activation of other molecules of apoptotic pathways, including Bax and caspase3. Moreover, CWC and SA help in maintaining the GSH level and endogenous antioxidants like Mn-SOD, to support intracellular defense mechanisms, probably through the transcriptional activation of Nrf2; and inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Conclusion CWC and its active components SA reversed the H2O2 induced oxidative damage in hepatocytes, probably through the inhibition of NF-κB, with the activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway and reduction of apoptosis by interfering the SAPK/JNK/Bax pathway.
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CW contains abundant free amino acids, including essential ones such as lysine, leucine, cysteine, phenylalanine, histidine, and tryptophan.
“CW contains abundant free amino acids, highlighting its potential as a valuable nutritional resource, including essential ones such as lysine, leucine, cysteine, phenylalanine, histidine, and tryptophan [29].”
From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
CW contains phytohormones, particularly cytokinin, as well as other compounds like lipids, nitrogenous compounds, and enzymes.
“In addition to sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, and sucrose), minerals, vitamins, phenolic acids, and amino acids, CW also contains certain amounts of phytohormones, particularly cytokinin, as well as other compounds like lipids, nitrogenous compounds, and enzymes [29].”
From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Concentrated CW and its active constituent shikimic acid mitigated oxidative damage induced by H2O2 in freshly isolated murine hepatocytes, mediated through NF-κB inhibition, PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 activation, and SAPK/JNK/Bax modulation.
“Furthermore, concentrated CW and its active constituent, shikimic acid, mitigated the oxidative damage induced by H2O2 in freshly isolated murine hepatocytes. This cytoprotection was mediated through coordinated regulation of three critical pathways: NF-κB inhibition (anti-inflammatory), PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 activation (antioxidant), and SAPK/JNK/Bax modulation (anti-apoptotic) [29].”
From Research Progress in Coconut Water: A Review of Nutritional Composition, Biological Activities, and Novel Processing Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Cites
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The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water
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Kumar, S. S., Manna, K., & Das, A. (2018) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c8fo01207e · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, S., Wang, W., Wang, F., Yang, P., Yang, H., He, X., & Liao, X. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14091503 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
González-Tejedor, G. A., Garre, A., Iguaz, A., Wong-Zhang, R., Fernández, P. S., & Possas, A. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12214015 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Manna, K., Khan, A., Kr. Das, D., Bandhu Kesh, S., Das, U., Ghosh, S., Sharma Dey, R., Das Saha, K., Chakraborty, A., Chattopadhyay, S., Dey, S., & Chattopadhyay, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Calcutta (IN)
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre (IN)
- Indian Council of Medical Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Dey, Sanjit
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 132-146
- ISSN
- 0378-8741 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049980541
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Coconut Development Board (CDB)
- Ministry of Agriculture (CDB-1345/2011-Tech)
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (23(0024)/12/EMRII)
- Inter University Consortium-Department of Atomic Energy (IUC-DAE)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Coconut Research and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- shikimic acid, oxidative stress, hydrogen peroxide, hepatocytes, NF-κB, Nrf2 signaling, SAPK/JNK pathway, apoptosis, Bax, caspase-3, reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, glutathione, PI3K/Akt signaling, antioxidant activity, hepatoprotection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Cocos, DNA Damage, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Flow Cytometry, Hydrogen Peroxide, Shikimic Acid, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, Hepatocytes, NF-E2-Related Factor 2, Mice
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