Artemisia annua L. extracts inhibit the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2 and two of its variants

Nair, M.S.; Huang, Y.; Fidock, D.A.; Polyak, S.J.; Wagoner, J.; Towler, M.J.; Weathers, P.J.

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114016

Cited by 122Medicinal Plant ResearchSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research Studies

Artemisia annua L. extracts inhibit the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2 and two of its variants

Open access

Nair, M.S., Huang, Y., Fidock, D.A., Polyak, S.J., Wagoner, J., Towler, M.J., Weathers, P.J.·2021·Journal of Ethnopharmacology

DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114016PMC PMC7952131

Published version of a preprint

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance Artemisia annua L. has been used for millennia in Southeast Asia to treat "fever". Many infectious microbial and viral diseases have been shown to respond to A. annua and communities around the world use the plant as a medicinal tea, especially for treating malaria.Aim of the study SARS-CoV-2 (the cause of Covid-19) globally has infected and killed millions of people. Because of the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of artemisinin that includes blockade of SARS-CoV-1, we queried whether A. annua suppressed SARS-CoV-2.Materials and methods Using Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells, we measured anti SARS-CoV-2 activity against fully infectious virus of dried leaf extracts of seven cultivars of A. annua sourced from four continents. IC50s were calculated and defined as the concentrations that inhibited viral replication by 50%; CC50s were also calculated and defined as the concentrations that kill 50% of cells.Results Hot-water leaf extracts based on artemisinin, total flavonoids, or dry leaf mass showed antiviral activity with IC 50 values of 0.1-8.7 μM, 0.01-0.14 μg, and 23.4-57.4 μg, respectively. Antiviral efficacy did not correlate with artemisinin or total flavonoid contents of the extracts. One dried leaf sample was >12 years old, yet its hot-water extract was still found to be active. The UK and South African variants, B1.1.7 and B1.351, were similarly inhibited. While all hot water extracts were effective, concentrations of artemisinin and total flavonoids varied by nearly 100-fold in the extracts. Artemisinin alone showed an estimated IC 50 of about 70 μM, and the clinically used artemisinin derivatives artesunate, artemether, and dihydroartemisinin were ineffective or cytotoxic at elevated micromolar concentrations. In contrast, the antimalarial drug amodiaquine had an IC 50 = 5.8 μM. Extracts had minimal effects on infection of Vero E6 or Calu-3 cells by a reporter virus pseudotyped by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. There was no cytotoxicity within an order of magnitude above the antiviral IC 90 values.Conclusions A. annua extracts inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the active component(s) in the extracts is likely something besides artemisinin or a combination of components that block virus infection at a step downstream of virus entry. Further studies will determine in vivo efficacy to assess whether A. annua might provide a cost-effective therapeutic to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114016

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Artemisinin and its derivatives are effective against various types of cancers and tumors, some viruses including SARS-CoV-2, tuberculosis, and many other parasites including Schistosoma sp., Leishmania sp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and Trypanosoma sp.
“Artemisinin and its derivatives are not only effective against malaria, but also against various types of cancers and tumors (Efferth 2017), some viruses (Efferth et al. 2008; Efferth 2018) including SARS-CoV-2 (Nair et al. 2021), tuberculosis (Martini et al. 2020; Zheng et al. 2017), and many other parasites including Schistosoma sp. (Munyangi et al. 2018), Leishmania sp. (Mesa et al. 2017), Borr”
From Enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from Artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches (2021) · cites this paper as Nair et al. 2021
Nair et al. is cited for the SARS-CoV-2 part of the sentence, not for cancer, tuberculosis, or the listed parasites. Its Results (‘Activity of antimalarials’) report in vitro activity for artemisinin and artemether, but artesunate and dihydroartemisinin were inactive at tested concentrations. The paper does not establish that artemisinin and its derivatives are effective against SARS-CoV-2 in patients. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

A SIMPLE METHOD OF ESTIMATING FIFTY PER CENT ENDPOINTS12
REED, L. J., & Muench, H. (1938) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408 · Cited by 20,341 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor
Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., Schiergens, T. S., Herrler, G., Wu, N.-H., Nitsche, A., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 · Cited by 20,286 · see citing works
A simple method of estimating 50 per cent end points
Muench, H. (1938) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,377 · see citing works
The proof and measurement of association between two things
Spearman, C. (1904) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412159 · Cited by 8,039 · see citing works
Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus
Korber, B., Fischer, W. M., Gnanakaran, S., Yoon, H., Theiler, J., Abfalterer, W., Hengartner, N., Giorgi, E. E., Bhattacharya, T., Foley, B., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043 · Cited by 4,281 · see citing works
Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7
Wang, P., Nair, M. S., Liu, L., Iketani, S., Luo, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, M., Yu, J., Zhang, B., Kwong, P. D., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2 · Cited by 2,312 · see citing works
Self-citation
Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike
Liu, L., Wang, P., Nair, M. S., Yu, J., Rapp, M., Wang, Q., Luo, Y., Chan, J. F.-W., Sahi, V., Figueroa, A., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2571-7 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
Self-citation
The proof and measurement of association between two things. By C. Spearman, 1904.
Spearman, C. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
The Science Underlying COVID-19
Liu, P. P., Blet, A., Smyth, D. R., & Li, H. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.047549 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Identification of natural compounds with antiviral activities against SARS-associated coronavirus
Li, S., Chen, C., Zhang, H., Guo, H., Wang, H., Wang, L., ZHANG, X., Hua, S., Yu, J., & Xiao, P. (2005) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.02.007 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Antimalarial drug resistance: linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic
Blasco, B., Leroy, D., & Fidock, D. A. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4381 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Self-citation
Generation of VSV pseudotypes using recombinant ΔG-VSV for studies on virus entry, identification of entry inhibitors, and immune responses to vaccines
Whitt, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Virological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.08.006 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
[Standardization of propolis extract and identification of principal constituents].
Arvouet-Grand, A., Vennat, B., Pourrat, A., & Legret, P. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 401 · see citing works
COVID-19: risk for cytokine targeting in chronic inflammatory diseases?
Schett, G. A., Sticherling, M., & Neurath, M. F. (2020) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0312-7 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Seroprevalence of anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Kenyan blood donors
Uyoga, S., Adetifa, I. M. O., Karanja, H. K., Nyagwange, J., Tuju, J., Wanjiku, P., Aman, R., Mwangangi, M., Amoth, P., Kasera, K., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe1916 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Broad Anti-coronavirus Activity of Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro and SARS-CoV In Vivo
Weston, S. M., Coleman, C. M., Haupt, R. E., Logue, J., Matthews, K. L., Li, Y., Reyes, H. M., Weiss, S. R., & Frieman, M. B. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01218-20 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
COVID-19: The Potential Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Lechowicz, K., Drożdżal, S., Machaj, F., Rosik, J., Szostak, B., Zegan-Barańska, M., Biernawska, J., Dąbrowski, W., Rotter, I., & Kotfis, K. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9061917 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Artemisinin production in Artemisia annua: studies in planta and results of a novel delivery method for treating malaria and other neglected diseases
Weathers, P. J., Arsenault, P. R., Covello, P. S., McMickle, A., Teoh, K. H., & Reed, D. W. (2010) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-010-9166-0 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citation
The history of qing hao in the Chinese materia medica
Hsü, E. (2006) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.09.020 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Beyond malaria: The inhibition of viruses by artemisinin-type compounds
Efferth, T. (2018) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.001 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Potential of Artemisinins In Vitro
Cao, R., Hu, H., Li, Y., Wang, X., Xu, M., Liu, J., Zhang, H., Yan, Y., Zhao, L., Li, W., et al. (2020) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00522 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Anti‐Inflammatory and Immunoregulatory Functions of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives
Shi, C., Li, H., Yang, Y., & Hou, L. (2015) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2015/435713 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Artemisinin and artemisinin derivatives as anti-fibrotic therapeutics
Dolivo, D., Weathers, P., & Dominko, T. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.001 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citation
Arbidol and Other Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs That Inhibit Lassa and Ebola Viruses
Hulseberg, C. E., Fénéant, L., Wijs, K. S.-D., Kessler, N., Nelson, E. A., Shoemaker, C. J., Schmaljohn, C. S., Polyak, S. J., & White, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02185-18 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citation
Antimalarial artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) and COVID-19 in Africa: In vitro inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication by mefloquine-artesunate
Gendrot, M., Duflot, I., Boxberger, M., Delandre, O., Jardot, P., Bideau, M. L., Andréani, J., Fonta, I., Mosnier, J., Rolland, C., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.032 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
In vitro efficacy of artemisinin-based treatments against SARS-CoV-2
Zhou, Y., Gilmore, K. M., Ramírez, S., Settels, E., Gammeltoft, K. A., Pham, L. V., Fahnøe, U., Feng, S., Offersgaard, A., Trimpert, J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93361-y · Cited by 94 · see citing works
In vitro efficacy of Artemisia extracts against SARS-CoV-2
Nie, C., Trimpert, J., Moon, S., Haag, R., Gilmore, K. M., Kaufer, B. B., & Seeberger, P. H. (2021) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01651-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra extracts exhibit strong bactericidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Martini, M. C., Zhang, T., Williams, J. T., Abramovitch, R. B., Weathers, P. J., & Shell, S. S. (2020) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113191 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citation
Safety and efficacy of artemisinin-piperaquine for treatment of COVID-19: an open-label, non-randomised and controlled trial
Li, G., Yuan, M., Li, H., Deng, C., Wang, Q., Tang, Y., Zhang, H., Yu, W., Xu, Q., Zou, Y., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents · doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106216 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Artemisia afra, a controversial herbal remedy or a treasure trove of new drugs?
du Toit, A., & van der Kooy, F. (2019) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112127 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics of artemisinin delivered by oral consumption of Artemisia annua dried leaves in healthy vs. Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice
Weathers, P. J., Elfawal, M. A., Towler, M. J., Acquaah-Mensah, G. K., & Rich, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.037 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Variations in key artemisinic and other metabolites throughout plant development in Artemisia annua L. for potential therapeutic use
Towler, M. J., & Weathers, P. J. (2015) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dried Leaf Artemisia Annua Improves Bioavailability of Artemisinin via Cytochrome P450 Inhibition and Enhances Artemisinin Efficacy Downstream
Desrosiers, M. R., Mittleman, A., & Weathers, P. J. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10020254 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dried leaf Artemisia annua efficacy against non-small cell lung cancer
Rassias, D., & Weathers, P. J. (2018) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.167 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Changes in key constituents of clonally propagated Artemisia annua L. during preparation of compressed leaf tablets for possible therapeutic use
Weathers, P. J., & Towler, M. J. (2014) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.033 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
An extract of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua modulates production of inflammatory markers in activated neutrophils
Hunt, S., Davis, P. J., Yoshida, M., Davis, C., & Greenhill, N. S. (2015) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s75484 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effect of leaf digestion and artemisinin solubility for use in oral consumption of dried Artemisia annua leaves to treat malaria
Desrosiers, M. R., & Weathers, P. J. (2016) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.041 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Artemisinin permeability via Caco-2 cells increases after simulated digestion of Artemisia annua leaves
Desrosiers, M. R., & Weathers, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.038 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pyronaridine and artesunate are potential antiviral drugs against COVID-19 and influenzaPreprint
Bae, J., Lee, G. E., Park, H., Cho, J., Kim, Y.-E., Lee, J.-Y., Ju, C., Kim, W.-K., Kim, J. I., & Park, M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.28.225102 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Artesunate inhibits myofibroblast formation via induction of apoptosis and antagonism of pro‐fibrotic gene expression in human dermal fibroblasts
Larson, S. A., Dolivo, D., & Dominko, T. (2019) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.11220 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tafenoquine inhibits replication of SARS-Cov-2 at pharmacologically relevant concentrations in vitroPreprint
Dow, G. S., Luttick, A., Fenner, J., WESCHE, D. L., Yeo, K. R., & Rayner, C. R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.12.199059 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19
Lei, S., Chen, X., Wu, J., Duan, X., & Men, K. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01249-8 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Antiviral and Immunomodulation Effects of Artemisia
Kshirsagar, S. G., & Rao, R. V. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57030217 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from Artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches
Wani, K. I., Choudhary, S., Zehra, A., Naeem, M., Weathers, P., & Aftab, T. (2021) · Planta · doi:10.1007/s00425-021-03676-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
In vitro efficacy of Artemisia extracts against SARS-CoV-2
Nie, C., Trimpert, J., Moon, S., Haag, R., Gilmore, K. M., Kaufer, B. B., & Seeberger, P. H. (2021) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01651-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Therapeutics for COVID-19 and post COVID-19 complications: An update
Basu, D., Chavda, V. P., & Mehta, A. A. (2022) · Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100086 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Exogenous Strigolactone (GR24) Positively Regulates Growth, Photosynthesis, and Improves Glandular Trichome Attributes for Enhanced Artemisinin Production in Artemisia annua
Wani, K. I., Zehra, A., Choudhary, S., Naeem, M., Khan, M. M. A., Khan, R., & Aftab, T. (2022) · Journal of Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s00344-022-10654-w · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Traditional Use, Phytochemical Profiles and Pharmacological Properties of Artemisia Genus from Central Asia
Нурлыбекова, А. К., Kudaibergen, A., Kazymbetova, A., Amangeldi, M., Baiseitova, A., Ospanov, M., Aisa, H. A., Ye, Y., Ibrahim, M. A., & Jenis, J. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27165128 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Artemether, Artesunate, Arteannuin B, Echinatin, Licochalcone B and Andrographolide Effectively Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and Related Viruses In Vitro
Hu, Y., Liu, M., Qin, H., Lin, H., An, X., Shi, Z., Song, L., Yang, X., Fan, H., & Tong, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.680127 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Potential herb–drug interactions between anti-COVID-19 drugs and traditional Chinese medicine
Ye, L., Fan, S., Zhao, P., Wu, C., Liu, M., Hu, S., Wang, P., Wang, H., & Bi, H. (2023) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Phylogenomics and morphological evolution of the mega-diverse genus Artemisia (Asteraceae: Anthemideae): implications for its circumscription and infrageneric taxonomy
Jiao, B., Chen, C., Wei, M., Niu, G., Zheng, J., Zhang, G., Shen, J., Vitales, D., Vallès, J., Verloove, F., et al. (2023) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcad051 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Antiviral, virucidal and antioxidant properties of Artemisia annua against SARS-CoV-2
Baggieri, M., Gioacchini, S., Borgonovo, G., Catinella, G., Marchi, A., Picone, P., Vasto, S., Fioravanti, R., Bucci, P., Kojouri, M., et al. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115682 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Artemisia annua L. hot-water extracts show potent activity in vitro against Covid-19 variants including delta
Nair, M. S., Huang, Y., Fidock, D. A., Towler, M. J., & Weathers, P. J. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114797 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Targeting autophagy with natural products to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection
Vidoni, C., Fuzimoto, A. D., Ferraresi, A., & Isidoro, C. (2021) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.10.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Re-Du-Ning injection ameliorates radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis by inhibiting AIM2 inflammasome and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
Yang, C., Song, C., Wang, Y., Zhou, W., Zheng, W., Zhou, H., Deng, G., Li, H., Xiao, W., Yang, Z.-Q., et al. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154184 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Antiviral activity of medicinal plant-derived products against SARS-CoV-2
de Oliveira, J. R., Antunes, B. S., do Nascimento, G. O., Kawall, J. C. D. S., Oliveira, J. V. B., Silva, K. G. D. S., Costa, M. A., & Oliveira, C. R. (2022) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702221108915 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Traditional uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of the Genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) : A High-value Medicinal Plant
Hussain, M., Thakur, R. K., Khazir, J., Ahmed, S., Khan, M. I., Rahi, P., Peer, L. A., Shanmugam, P. V., Kaur, S., Raina, S. N., et al. (2023) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026623666230914104141 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Friend or Foe? Implication of the autophagy-lysosome pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19
He, W., Gao, Y., Zhou, J., Shi, Y., Xia, D., & Shen, H. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.72544 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
COVID-19 Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products
Low, Z., Lani, R., Tiong, V., Poh, C. L., AbuBakar, S., & Hassandarvish, P. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119589 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
‘A disease like any other’ traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use and perspectives in the context of COVID-19 among the Congolese community in Belgium
Meyer, E. D., Damme, P. V., de la Peña, E., & Ceuterick, M. (2022) · Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine · doi:10.1186/s13002-022-00530-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bioprospecting for Anti-COVID-19 Interventions From African Medicinal Plants: A Review
Akindele, A. J., Sowemimo, A., Agunbiade, F. O., Sofidiya, M. O., Awodele, O., Ade-Ademilua, O. E., Orabueze, I. C., Ishola, I. O., Ayolabi, C. I., Salu, O. B., et al. (2022) · Natural Product Communications · doi:10.1177/1934578x221096968 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Comparative docking studies of drugs and phytocompounds for emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2
Chugh, A., Sehgal, I., Khurana, N., Verma, K., Rolta, R., Vats, P., Salaria, D., Fadare, O. A., Awofisayo, O., Verma, A., et al. (2023) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-022-03450-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A New Cellular Interactome of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein and Its Biological Implications
Min, Y., Huang, M., Feng, K., Jia, Y., Sun, X., & Ning, Y. (2023) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100579 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A comprehensive update on CIDO: the community-based coronavirus infectious disease ontology
He, Y. O., Yu, H. J., Huffman, A., Lin, Y., Natale, D. A., Beverley, J. R., Zheng, L., Perl, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Semantics · doi:10.1186/s13326-022-00279-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Plants as Biofactories for Therapeutic Proteins and Antiviral Compounds to Combat COVID-19
England, C., TrejoMartinez, J., PerezSanchez, P., Karki, U., & Xu, J. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13030617 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
An updated review on distribution, biosynthesis and pharmacological effects of artemisinin: A wonder drug
Nabi, N., Singh, S. K., & Saffeullah, P. (2023) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113798 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) elicited Artemisia annua L. in vitro, toward enhancing artemisinin production through overexpression of key genes in the terpenoids biosynthetic pathway and induction of oxidative stress
Ayoobi, A., Saboora, A., Asgarani, E., & Efferth, T. (2024) · Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) · doi:10.1007/s11240-024-02705-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Potential Emergence of Plasmodium Resistance to Artemisinin Induced by the Use of Artemisia annua for Malaria and COVID-19 Prevention in Sub-African Region
Ataba, E., Dorkenoo, A. M., Nguepou, C. T., Bakaï, T. A., Tchadjobo, T., Kadzahlo, K. D., Yakpa, K., & Atcha-Oubou, T. (2021) · Acta Parasitologica · doi:10.1007/s11686-021-00489-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
RETRACTED: Artemisia Extracts and Artemisinin-Based Antimalarials for COVID-19 Management: Could These Be Effective Antivirals for COVID-19 Treatment?
Agrawal, P. K., Agrawal, C., & Blunden, G. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27123828 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Retracted
Structural Characterization and In-Vitro Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharide Fractions Isolated from Artemisia annua L.
Zhang, L., Reddy, N., Khoo, C. S., & Koyyalamudi, S. R. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27113643 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Computational screening of phytochemicals from three medicinal plants as inhibitors of transmembrane protease serine 2 implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Oyedara, O. O., Agbedahunsi, J. M., Adeyemi, F. M., Juárez-Saldívar, A., Fadare, O. A., Adetunji, C. O., & Rivera, G. (2021) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100135 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Treating COVID-19 with Medicinal Plants: Is It Even Conceivable? A Comprehensive Review
Al-Jamal, H., Idriss, S., Roufayel, R., Khattar, Z. A., Fajloun, Z., & Sabatier, J. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16030320 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Increased artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L. by co-overexpression of six key biosynthetic enzymes
Qamar, F., Mishra, A., Ashrafi, K., Saifi, M., Dash, P. K., Kumar, S. B., & Abdin, M. Z. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136291 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2—Clinical Evidence
Bijelić, K., Hitl, M., & Kladar, N. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11111614 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Artemisinin as a therapeutic vs. its more complex Artemisia source material
Weathers, P. J. (2022) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/d2np00072e · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Instant determination of the artemisinin from various Artemisia annua L. extracts by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS and their in‐silico modelling and in vitro antiviral activity studies against SARS‐CoV‐2
Dogan, K., Erol, E., Orhan, M. D., Degirmenci, Z., Kan, T., Güngör, A., YAŞA, B., Avşar, T., Çetin, Y., Durdağı, S., et al. (2021) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/pca.3088 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants are susceptible in vitro to Artemisia annua hot water extracts
Nair, M. S., Huang, Y., Wang, M., & Weathers, P. J. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.116291 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Treatment Effects for Informed Drug Repurposing
Kern, C., Schöning, V., Chaccour, C., & Hammann, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.625678 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pharmacological Potential of Flavonoids against Neurotropic Viruses
Silva, J. H. C. E., Teles-Souza, J., Schitine, C., Júnior, A. D. F. S., Bastos, E. M. S., & Costa, S. L. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15091149 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Five Different Artemisia L. Species Ethanol Extracts’ Phytochemical Composition and Their Antimicrobial and Nematocide Activity
Nikitin, E. N., Fitsev, I. M., Egorova, A., Logvinenko, L. A., Terenzhev, D., Bekmuratova, F. A., Rakhmaeva, A., Shumatbaev, G. G., Gatiyatullina, A., Шевчук, О. М., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241814372 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bulgarian Medicinal Extracts as Natural Inhibitors with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity
Nikolova, I., Paunova-Krasteva, T. S., Petrova, Z., Grozdanov, P., Nikolova, N., Tsonev, G., Triantafyllidis, A., Andreev, S., Trepechova, M., Milkova, V., et al. (2022) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants11131666 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Artemisinin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex loaded with porous starch for enhanced bioavailability
Zhu, W. X., Lv, Y., Yang, Q., Zu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.170 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Analogs of Furanyl Methylidene Rhodanine Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Inhibitory and Inactivating Activities against Enveloped Viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants
Pu, J., He, X., Xu, W., Wang, C., Lan, Q., Hua, C., Wang, K., Lu, L., & Jiang, S. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14030489 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Potential Target Discovery and Drug Repurposing for Coronaviruses: Study Involving a Knowledge Graph–Based Approach
Lou, P., Fang, A., Zhao, W., Yao, K., Yang, Y., & Hu, J. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/45225 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Exploration of the Shared Molecular Mechanisms between COVID-19 and Neurodegenerative Diseases through Bioinformatic Analysis
Shi, Y., Liu, W., Yang, Y., Ci, Y., & Shi, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054839 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Artemisia afra and Artemisia annua Extracts Have Bactericidal Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Physiologically Relevant Carbon Sources and Hypoxia
Kiani, B. H., Alonso, M. N., Weathers, P. J., & Shell, S. S. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12020227 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
The “Top 50 High Impact Researches of Traditional Medicine” published in 2021
Li, X., Xu, D. W., Tu, J., Pang, B., Yan, X., Cui, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, C., Wáng, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine · doi:10.1097/hm9.0000000000000085 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Plant‐derived compounds as potential leads for new drug development targeting COVID‐19
Liu, L., Kapralov, M. V., & Ashton, M. R. (2024) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.8105 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Anti-Coronavirus Efficiency and Redox-Modulating Capacity of Polyphenol-Rich Extracts from Traditional Bulgarian Medicinal Plants
Vilhelmova-Ilieva, N., Petrova, Z., Georgieva, A. P., Tzvetanova, E., Trepechova, M., & Mileva, M. M. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12071088 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Molecular scaffolds from mother nature as possible lead compounds in drug design and discovery against coronaviruses: A landscape analysis of published literature and molecular docking studies
Khursheed, A., Jain, V., Rasool, A., Rather, M. A., Malik, N. A., & Shalla, A. H. (2021) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104933 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Phytomolecules Repurposed as Covid-19 Inhibitors: Opportunity and Challenges
Chandramouli, V., Niraj, S. K., Nair, K. G., Joseph, J., & Aruni, W. (2021) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-021-02639-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Use of Tox21 Screening Data to Evaluate the COVID-19 Drug Candidates for Their Potential Toxic Effects and Related Pathways
Sakamuru, S., Huang, R., & Xia, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.935399 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Crop phenology and floral induction in different Artemisia annua L. genotypes
Marchese, J. A., Ferreira, J., Moraes, R. M., Dayan, F. E., Rodrigues, M. F. F., Jamhour, J., & Dallacorte, L. V. (2022) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.116118 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Inhibition of microbiologically influenced corrosion of Al alloy 5083 in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Artemisia annua L
Zlatić, G., Martinović, I., Pilić, Z., Kovač, J., & Čelan, S. (2024) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2024.118727 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Investigating the Cytotoxic Effects of Artemisia absinthium Extract on Oral Carcinoma Cell Line
Tsamesidis, I., Papadimitriou‐Tsantarliotou, A., Christodoulou, A., Amanatidou, D., Avgeros, C., Stalika, E., Bousnaki, M., Michailidou, G., Beketova, A., Eleftheriou, P. T., et al. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122674 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of Artemisia annua L. Water Extract on Growth Performance and Intestinal Related Indicators in Broilers
Guo, S., Ma, J., Xing, Y., Xu, Y., Jin, X., Yan, S., Shi, L., Zhang, L., & Shi, B. (2023) · The Journal of Poultry Science · doi:10.2141/jpsa.2023024 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Toxicological safety evaluation of Qiguiyin formula in rats at the treatment phase and recovery phase
Ding, J., Gao, X., Zhang, F., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Lu, Y., & Liu, Q. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114364 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Inhibition of Cysteine Proteases via Thiol-Michael Addition Explains the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and Bioactive Properties of Arteannuin B
Varela, K., Arman, H. D., Berger, M. S., Sponsel, V. M., Lin, C. A., & Yoshimoto, F. K. (2023) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01146 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Differential Anti-Fibrotic and Remodeling Responses of Human Dermal Fibroblasts to Artemisia sp., Artemisinin, and Its Derivatives
Weathers, P. J., Towler, M. J., Kiani, B. H., Dolivo, D., & Dominko, T. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29092107 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Antiviral and Antimalarial Prodrug Artemisinin from the Artemisia Species: A Review
Das, G., Shin, H.-S., & Patra, J. K. (2024) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb46110718 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Analytical Methods for the Determination of Major Drugs Used for the Treatment of COVID-19. A Review
Ruos, J. D., Baldo, M. A., & Daniele, S. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/10408347.2022.2039094 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Artesunate induces substantial topological alterations in the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 protein structure
Gurung, A. B., Ali, M. A., Lee, J., Farah, M. A., Al‐Anazi, K. M., & Al-Hemaid, F. M. A. (2022) · Journal of King Saud University - Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101810 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents in Artemisia Endophytic Fungi and Their Abundance in Artemisia vulgaris Tissue
Maehara, S., Nakajima, S., Watashi, K., Agusta, A., Kikuchi, M., Hata, T., & Takayama, K. (2023) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9090905 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Exploring the therapeutic potential of Thai medicinal plants: in vitro screening and in silico docking of phytoconstituents for novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents
Maikhunthod, B., Chaipayang, S., Jittmittraphap, A., Thippornchai, N., Boonchuen, P., Tittabutr, P., Eumkeb, G., Sabuakham, S., Rungrotmongkol, T., Mahalapbutr, P., et al. (2024) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04586-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Can Anti-Parasitic Drugs Help Control COVID-19?
Panahi, Y., Dadkhah, M., Talei, S., Gharari, Z., Asghariazar, V., Abdolmaleki, A., Matin, S., & Molaei, S. (2022) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl-2021-0160 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Inhibitory activity of dry ethanol extracts of Artemisia spp. on SARS‐CoV‐2 replication in vitro
Kazachinskaia, E. I., Romanova, V., Ivanоva, A. V., Чепурнов, А. А., Murtazalieva, Z. A., Коnonova, Y. V., Shaulo, D. N., Romanyuk, V. V., & Shestopalov, A. M. (2022) · South of Russia ecology development · doi:10.18470/1992-1098-2022-4-111-129 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Unlocking the potential of Artemisia annua for artemisinin production: current insights and emerging strategies
Vashisth, D., & Mishra, S. (2025) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-025-04332-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An Estimation of the Antiviral Activity and Toxicity of Biologically Active Substances Obtained from the Raw Materials of Artemisia cina Berg. In Vitro and In Vivo
Zhurinov, M. Z., Berillo, D. A., Bazhykova, K. B., Рахимов, К. Д., & Bekezhanova, T. S. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28145413 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Antimalarial as Repurposing Drug for COVID-19 Following Retraction of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
Latarissa, I. R., Khairinisa, M. A., Iftinan, G. N., Meiliana, A., Sormin, I. P., Barliana, M. I., & Lestari, K. (2025) · Clinical Pharmacology Advances and Applications · doi:10.2147/cpaa.s493750 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Germline transformation of Artemisia annuaL. plant via in planta transformation technology “Floral dip”
Qamar, F., Khan, S., Ashrafi, K., Iqrar, S., Quadri, S. N., Saifi, M., & Abdin, M. Z. (2022) · Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00761 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yeast Synthetic Biology for Production of Artemisinin as an Antimalarial Drug
Kashkooli, A. B., Kalalagh, K. F., & Babaei, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89680-5_6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Comprehensive study of alkaloids from Scadoxus multiflorus by HPLC-PDA-SPE-NMR and evaluation of their anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity
Le, N.-T.-H., Jonghe, S. D., Erven, K., Neyts, J. H., Pannecouque, C. C., Vermeyen, T., Herrebout, W., Pieters, L. A. C., & Tuenter, E. (2023) · Phytochemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2023.08.015 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Current Advances in Antiviral Potential of Artemisia Against Major Viral Infections
Orosco, F. L. (2023) · Journal of Bacteriology and Virology · doi:10.4167/jbv.2022.53.2.061 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Artemisia annua and artemisinins are ineffective against human Babesia microti and six Candida sp
Elfawal, M. A., Gray, O., Dickson-Burke, C., Weathers, P. J., & Rich, S. M. (2021) · Longhua Chinese Medicine · doi:10.21037/lcm-21-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
In Vitro Antifungal Antibacterial Activity of Partitions from Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Heya, M. S., Verde‐Star, M. J., Galindo-Rodríguez, S. A., Rivas-Morales, C., Robledo-Leal, E., & García-Hernández, D. G. (2022) · Analytica—A Journal of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Analysis · doi:10.3390/analytica3020016 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Potential of Anti-coronavirus Plant Secondary Metabolites in COVID-19 Drug Discovery as an Alternative to Repurposed Drugs: A Review
Alipour, Z., Zarezadeh, S., & Ghotbi‐Ravandi, A. A. (2023) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/a-2209-6357 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Recent progress on drugs discovery study for treatment of COVID-19: repurposing existing drugs and current natural bioactive molecules
Oktavianawati, I., Santoso, M., Bakar, M. F. A., Kim, Y., & Fatmawati, S. (2023) · Applied Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13765-023-00842-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brazilian Medicinal Plants and Their Metabolites as Potential Antivirals Against SARS-CoV-2: a Systematic Review of Experimental Findings
Fernandes, D. A., Gomes, B. A., da Silva, A. F., de Carvalho, J. A. B., Ricardo, N. S., Leitão, S. G., & Leitão, G. G. (2024) · Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia · doi:10.1007/s43450-024-00547-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effect of Water Extract of Artemisia annua L. on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemical Parameters and Intestinal-Related Indices in Mutton Sheep
Gang, G., Gao, R., Tong, M., Zhang, S., Guo, S., Jin, X., Ye, X., Yan, S., Xu, Y., & Shi, B. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16020340 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Systematic Review on Major Antiviral Phytocompounds from Common Medicinal Plants against SARS-CoV-2
Ghosh, S., Singha, P. S., Das, L. K., & Ghosh, D. (2024) · Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0115734064262843231120051452 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants succumb in vitro to Artemisia annua hot water extractsPreprint
Nair, M. S., Huang, Y., & Weathers, P. J. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.22.501141 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anti-Coronavirus Activity of Chitosan-Stabilized Liposomal Nanocarriers Loaded with Natural Extracts from Bulgarian Flora
Gyurova, A. Y., Milkova, V., Iliev, I. A., Lazarova-Zdravkova, N., Rashev, V., Simeonova, L., & Vilhelmova-Ilieva, N. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14091180 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Antiviral Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts Vitex negundo and Macaranga tanarius Against SARS-CoV-2
Raekiansyah, M., Tun, M. M. N., Ang, A. I. D., Lee, A., Macalino, S. J. Y., Billones, J. B., Takamatsu, Y., Urano, T., Murao, L. A. E., Quiming, N. S., et al. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14080820 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Computational evaluation of Artemisia annua compounds for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and hepatitis B virus using molecular docking, MM-GBSA, and molecular dynamics simulation
Mulongo, E. K., Matondo, A. P., Ngbolua, K.-T.-N., & Mpiana, P. T. (2025) · Discover Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s44395-025-00017-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Discovery of new herbal anthelmintics from Artemisia Annua L. via in silico molecular docking and in vivo extract application
KAHRAMAN, D. (2022) · Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences – Sigma Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.14744/sigma.2021.00075 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Trimeric Artesunate Analog TF27, a Broadly Acting Anti-Infective Model Drug, Exerts Pronounced Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity Spanning Variants and Host Cell Types
Hahn, F., Wangen, C., Häge, S., Herrmann, L., Herrmann, A., Tsogoeva, S. B., & Marschall, M. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15010115 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity and Acute Toxicity Screening of Annona muricata and Artemisia annua Leaf Extracts
Erharuyi, O., Aghahowa, S., Igbinosa, E. O., Imieje, V., Ogbeide, O. K., Akhigbe, I. U., Ichôron, N., Olowoeyo, B. E., Akubuiro, P. C., James, A. B., et al. (2024) · Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research · doi:10.26538/tjnpr/v8i1.45 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Global warming contributes to reduction in the intensity of Artemisia pollen seasons in Lublin, central-eastern Poland
Piotrowska-Weryszko, K., Weryszko‐Chmielewska, E., Sulborska, A., Konarska, A., & Kubik-Komar, A. (2024) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/184726 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
PBPK‐led assessment of antimalarial drugs as candidates for Covid‐19: Simulating concentrations at the site of action to inform repurposing strategies
Abla, N., Almond, L. M., Bonner, J. J., Richardson, N., Wells, T. N. C., & Möhrle, J. J. (2024) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.13865 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Optimization of hydroponic production of the medicinal plants Euphorbia peplus and Artemisia annua in container
Bafort, F., Bouhadada, A., Ancion, N., Crutzen, N., & Jijakli, M. H. (2023) · Acta Horticulturae · doi:10.17660/actahortic.2023.1369.21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Potential Role of Medicinal Plants, Traditional Herbal Medicines, and Formulations to Overcome SARS-CoV-2 Induced Health Crisis
Halder, M., Bose, R., & Jha, S. (2023) · Sustainable development and biodiversity · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9936-9_18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Publications in Educational Research Journals from Singapore, Japan, and South Korea (2008–2017): A Bibliometric Analysis
Li, J. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231219320 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Phytomedical compounds as promising therapeutic agents for COVID-19 targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a review
Amtaghri, S., Slaoui, M., & Eddouks, M. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1093/jpp/rgae101 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dual SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV inhibitors from Artemisia monosperma : isolation, structure elucidation, molecular modelling studies, and in vitro activities
Badawy, A. M., Donia, M. S. M., Hamdy, N. G., El-Ayouty, M. M., Mohamed, O. G., Darwish, K. M., Tripathi, A., & Ahmed, S. A. (2024) · Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4ob00929k · Cited by 2 · see citing works
In Silico Evaluation of Sesquiterpenes and Benzoxazinoids Phytotoxins against Mpro, RNA Replicase and Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 by Molecular Dynamics. Inspired by Nature
Mejías, F. J. R., Durán, A. G., Chinchilla, N., Varela, R. M., Álvarez, J. Á., Molinillo, J. M. G., Garcia-Cozar, F. J., & Macías, F. A. (2022) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins14090599 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A systematic review on nutraceuticals as a potential source of therapeutics against COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases
Singh, P., Rayeen, F., Singh, R., Tripathi, M., Singh, P. K., Ubaid, S., & Pathak, N. (2025) · Discover Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-025-07349-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Inhibition of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of 304 Stainless Steel by Artemisia annua L. in Simulated Seawater
Zlatić, G., Martinović, I., & Pilić, Z. (2025) · Alloys · doi:10.3390/alloys4040020 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Comparative Elicitation of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua L.: ZnO Nanoparticles Surpass Salicylic Acid via Antioxidant and Gene Activation Pathways
Ayoobi, A., Saboora, A., Asgarani, E., & Efferth, T. (2025) · Russian Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1134/s1021443725604367 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Paeoniae Radix Rubra extract inhibits largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) replication by suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress
Liu, Y., Li, D., Liu, W. Y., Zhang, C., Liang, J., Tsim, K. W. K., Qin, Q., & Hu, W. (2026) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111297 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PECULIARITIES OF THE GROWTH OF Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. “HAIRY” ROOTS WITH DIFFERENT FOREIGN GENES
Bohdanovych, T. (2022) · Biotechnologia Acta · doi:10.15407/biotech15.03.013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Secondary Metabolites of Various Indonesian Medicinal Plants as SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors: In Silico Study
Tungary, E., Wahjudi, M., & Kok, T. (2022) · MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) · doi:10.24123/mpi.v4i2.5255 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Letter to the editor
White, A. R. (1998) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0965-2299(98)80087-3
Artemisia annua L. hot-water extracts show potent activity in vitro against Covid-19 variants including delta
Nair, M. S., Huang, Y., Fidock, D. A., Towler, M. J., & Weathers, P. J. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114797 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants Succumb In Vitro to Artemisia Annua Hot Water ExtractsPreprint
Nair, M. S., Huang, Y., & Weathers, P. J. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4254650
Self-citation
SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants are susceptible in vitro to Artemisia annua hot water extracts
Nair, M. S., Huang, Y., Wang, M., & Weathers, P. J. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.116291 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. EXTRACTS AGAINST SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS
Zhurinov, M. Z., Miftakhova, A. F., Shustov, A. V., Keyer, V. V., & Solodova, E. (2022) · Eurasian journal of applied biotechnology · doi:10.11134/btp.3.2022.3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Authors: Nair, M. S., Huang, Y., Fidock, D. A., Polyak, S. J., Wagoner, J., Towler, M. J., & Weathers, P. J.
Affiliations: Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (US)
Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
University of Washington (US)
Worcester Polytechnic Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Nair, M.S.
Weathers, P.J.
ORCID: Nair, M.S.
Huang, Y.
Fidock, D.A.
Polyak, S.J.
Weathers, P.J.
Venue: Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-06
Volume: 274
Pages: 114016
ISSN: 0378-8741 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114016
PMC: PMC7952131
OpenAlex: W3134666776
Cited by: 122
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 15
FWCI: 15.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 295 d)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Journal of Ethnopharmacology (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Keywords: Artemisia annua, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, artemisinin, antiviral activity, plant extracts, viral replication inhibition, SARS-CoV-2 variants, Alpha variant, Beta variant, flavonoids, artemisinin derivatives, amodiaquine, cytotoxicity, medicinal plants
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Animals, Antiviral Agents, Cell Line, Chlorocebus aethiops, Flavonoids, Humans, Plant Extracts, Vero Cells, Virus Replication, Plant Leaves, Artemisia annua, Artemisinins, Cell Line, Tumor, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Artemisia annua L. extracts inhibit the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2 and two of its variants

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks