The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Paleolithic divergence and multiple Neolithic expansions of ancestral nomadic emperor-related paternal lineages
Open accessAbstract
The reconstruction of demographic history using ancient and modern genomic resources reveals extensive interactions and admixture between ancient nomadic pastoralists and the social organizations of the Chinese Central Plain. However, the extent to which Y-chromosome genetic legacies from nomadic emperor-related ancestral lineages influence the Chinese paternal gene pool remains unclear. Here, we genotype 2717 ethnolinguistically diverse samples belonging to C2a lineages, perform whole-genome sequencing on 997 representative samples, and integrate these data with ancient genomic sequences. We reconstruct the evolutionary histories of Northern Zhou-, Qing emperor-, and pastoralist-related lineages to assess their genetic impact on modern Chinese populations. This reassembled fine-scale Y-chromosome phylogeny identifies deep divergence and five Neolithic expansion events contributing differently to the formation of northern Chinese populations. Phylogeographic modeling indicates that the nomadic empires of the Northern Zhou and Qing dynasties genetically originated from the Mongolian Plateau. Phylogenetic topology and shared haplotype patterns show that three upstream ancestors of Northern Zhou (C2a1a1b1a2a1b-FGC28857), Donghu tribe (C2a1a1b1-F1756), and Qing (C2a1a3a2-F10283) emperor-related lineages expanded during the middle Neolithic, contributing significantly to genetic flow between ancient northeastern Asians and modern East Asians. Notably, this study reveals limited direct contributions of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou's lineages to modern East Asians.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies
Stamatakis, A. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033 · Cited by 32,291
The Genome Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data
McKenna, A., Hanna, M., Banks, E., Sivachenko, A., Cibulskis, K., Kernytsky, A., Garimella, K., Altshuler, D., Gabriel, S., Daly, M., et al. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.107524.110 · Cited by 27,895
jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing
Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R., & Posada, D. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2109 · Cited by 17,034
Aligning sequence reads, clone sequences and assembly contigs with BWA-MEMPreprint
Li, H. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1303.3997 · Cited by 11,016
Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases.
Nei, M., & Li, W. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.10.5269 · Cited by 10,393
Letunić, I., & Bork, P. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae268 · Cited by 5,160
The Genome Sequence Archive Family: Toward Explosive Data Growth and Diverse Data Types
Chen, T., Chen, X., Zhang, S., Zhu, J., Tang, B., Wang, A., Dong, L., Zhang, Z., Yu, C., Sun, Y., et al. (2021) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2021.08.001 · Cited by 1,837
Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia
Fu, Q., Li, H., Moorjani, P., Jay, F., Slepchenko, S. M., Bondarev, A. A., Johnson, P. L. F., Aximu-Petri, A., Prüfer, K., de Filippo, C., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13810 · Cited by 1,023
Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes
Bergström, A., McCarthy, S. A., Hui, R., Almarri, M. A., Ayub, Q., Danecek, P., Chen, Y., Felkel, S., Hallast, P., Kamm, J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay5012 · Cited by 1,020
A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture
Karmin, M., Saag, L., Vicente, M., Sayres, M. A. W., Järve, M., Talas, U. G., Rootsi, S., Ilumäe, A.-M., Mägi, R., Mitt, M., et al. (2015) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114 · Cited by 485
Cited by
Wang, Z., Liu, K., Yuan, H., Duan, S., Liu, Y., Luo, L., Jiang, X., Chen, S., Wei, L., Tang, R., et al. (2025) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/gpbjnl/qzaf049 · Cited by 35
Self-citationGenome-driven Chinese precision medicine: Biobank-scale genomic research as a new paradigm
Wang, M., Duan, S., Li, X., Yang, J., Yuan, H., Liu, C., & He, G. (2025) · The Innovation Life · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-life.2025.100131 · Cited by 25
Self-citationHe, G., Sun, Y., Duan, S., Luo, L., Sun, Q., Li, B., Yun, L., Liu, C., & Wang, M. (2025) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03859-1 · Cited by 13
Self-citationLiu, Y., Luo, L., Jiang, Y., Zhao, M., Yang, T., Wang, Z., Luo, L., Feng, Y., Zhu, Z., Wang, Y., et al. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202515930 · Cited by 8
Self-citationChen, J., Huang, Y., Zhong, J. P., Wang, M., He, G., & Yan, J. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-11947-6 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, M., Sun, Q., Feng, Y., Wei, L.-H., Liu, K., Luo, L., Huang, Y., Zhou, K., Yuan, H., Lv, H., Lu, Y., Cheng, J., Wen, S., Wang, C.-C., Tang, R., Bu, F., Liu, C., Yuan, H., Wang, Z., & He, G.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Inner Mongolia Normal University (CN)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Chongqing Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Mengge
- Bu, Fengxiao
- Liu, Chao
- Yuan, Huijun
- Wang, Zhiyong
- He, Guanglin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Genetics and Genomics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-04
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 502-512
- ISSN
- 1873-5533 (ISSN-L)
- 1673-8527
- OpenAlex
- W4404769690
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University (ZYJC20002)
- Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China (2022FGKFKT05)
- National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences (82402203, 23&ZD203, ZD203)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82202078)
- Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Program (2024NSFSC1518)
- Sichuan University (23SASA01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Keywords
- Y-chromosome phylogeny, Neolithic expansion, Northern Zhou dynasty, Qing dynasty, Mongolian Plateau, paternal lineages
- MeSH terms
- China, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Humans, Male, Phylogeny, Chromosomes, Human, Y, Asian People, History, Ancient, Phylogeography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Paleolithic divergence and multiple Neolithic expansions of ancestral nomadic emperor-related paternal lineages. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.jgg.2024.11.012
- The paper
- Wang, M., Sun, Q., Feng, Y., Wei, L.-H., Liu, K., Luo, L., Huang, Y., Zhou, K., Yuan, H., Lv, H., Lu, Y., Cheng, J., Wen, S., Wang, C.-C., Tang, R., Bu, F., Liu, C., Yuan, H., Wang, Z., & He, G. (2025). Paleolithic divergence and multiple Neolithic expansions of ancestral nomadic emperor-related paternal lineages. Journal of Genetics and Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2024.11.012
